{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T16:19:37Z","timestamp":1762273177554,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Second Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau Investigation","award":["2019QZKK0403-01","42271124","212102310028","2020XQG-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0403-01","42271124","212102310028","2020XQG-02"]}]},{"name":"Qinghai Kunlun High-end Talents Project","award":["2019QZKK0403-01","42271124","212102310028","2020XQG-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0403-01","42271124","212102310028","2020XQG-02"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2019QZKK0403-01","42271124","212102310028","2020XQG-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0403-01","42271124","212102310028","2020XQG-02"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Project of the Henan Province","award":["2019QZKK0403-01","42271124","212102310028","2020XQG-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0403-01","42271124","212102310028","2020XQG-02"]}]},{"name":"Young Backbone Teachers of Henan Polytechnic University, China","award":["2019QZKK0403-01","42271124","212102310028","2020XQG-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0403-01","42271124","212102310028","2020XQG-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau (QTP) is among one of the most sensitive regions to global environmental change worldwide. Although climate change and engineering construction on the QTP have jointly modified the regional vegetation activity, little is known about how this affects the vegetation variation. Using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) data from 2000\u20132021, this study investigated the spatiotemporal variation of vegetation activity and the compound effects of climate change and reconstruction along the Tibetan section of the G318 national highway (TG318) through a novel contribution quantification model and partial correlation analysis, as well as through a structural equation model (SEM). The results showed that the mean growing-season EVI increased significantly at a rate of about 0.0020\/year in the western side of the TG318 after reconstruction but fluctuated in the east. Reconstruction generally had a significant effect on the mean growing-season EVI, with contributions of 7.67%, 19.12%, 18.24%, and \u22124.15% in different sections of the TG318, whereas climate change contributed from \u221210.14% to 8.84% of the total variation. The mean growing-season EVI negatively correlated with snow cover and minimum temperature in humid and sub-humid regions, whereas it was positively related with vapor pressure in semi-arid regions. Moreover, there existed an obvious lag effect of climate change on the mean growing-season EVI, with lag time generally decreasing from west to east and apparent heterogeneity among different months and regions. These findings will help better understand the environmental impacts along the engineering corridors and provide a scientific basis for ecological conservation in the QTP regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15235473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T06:06:23Z","timestamp":1700719583000},"page":"5473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Compound Effects of Highway Reconstruction and Climate Change on Vegetation Activity over the Qinghai Tibet Plateau: The G318 Highway as a Case Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Linghui","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3161-1763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiangbo","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Rd, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hebing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youfeng","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaohong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Rd, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-14-683-2022","article-title":"Black carbon and organic carbon dataset over the Third Pole","volume":"14","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-022-00299-4","article-title":"The imbalance of the Asian water tower","volume":"3","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1907","article-title":"Special thinking and green development path of urbanization in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"77","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1298","article-title":"Current Condition and Protection Strategies of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Ecological Security Barrier","volume":"36","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Chin. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2020.101146","article-title":"Ecosystem service value of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau significantly increased during 25 years","volume":"44","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13301","article-title":"Strong impacts of daily minimum temperature on the green-up date and summer greenness of the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"22","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-022-00330-8","article-title":"Grassland changes and adaptive management on the Qinghai\u2013Tibetan Plateau","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3979","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD024728","article-title":"Review on climate change on the Tibetan Plateau during the last half century","volume":"121","author":"Kuang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2012.11.028","article-title":"Long-term trends of precipitable water and precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau derived from satellite and surface measurements","volume":"122","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0343.1","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Temperature Variability over the Tibetan Plateau: Altitudinal Dependence Associated with the Global Warming Hiatus","volume":"30","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4950","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5709","article-title":"Role of clouds in accelerating cold-season warming during 2000\u20132015 over the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"38","author":"Hua","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.128592","article-title":"Threshold effect of ecosystem services in response to climate change and vegetation coverage change in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau ecological shelter","volume":"318","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"3025","article-title":"Assessment of past, present and future environmental changes on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"60","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"475","article-title":"The A1B scenario projection for climate change over the Tibetan Plateau in the next 30\u201350 years","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plateau Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3863","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-022-06518-4","article-title":"Evaluation and projections of surface air temperature over the Tibetan Plateau from CMIP6 and CMIP5: Warming trend and uncertainty","volume":"60","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"4","article-title":"How Transport Has Changed on the Snowy Plateau over the Past Decade","volume":"33","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"China\u2019s Tibet"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"6269","article-title":"Responses of the NDVI of alpine grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau to climate change and human activities over the last 30 years","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145648","article-title":"Quantifying the contributions of human activities and climate change to vegetation net primary productivity dynamics in China from 2001 to 2016","volume":"773","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116541","article-title":"Quantifying climate variability and regional anthropogenic influence on vegetation dynamics in northwest India","volume":"234","author":"Banerjee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2017.11.013","article-title":"Changes in global vegetation activity and its driving factors during 1982\u20132013","volume":"249","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2016.04.005","article-title":"Alpine grasslands response to climatic factors and anthropogenic activities on the Tibetan Plateau from 2000 to 2012","volume":"92","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.108483","article-title":"Dynamic vulnerability of ecological systems to climate changes across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"134","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"China Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.11.216","article-title":"Human footprint in Tibet: Assessing the spatial layout and effectiveness of nature reserves","volume":"621","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021EF002566","DOI":"10.1029\/2021EF002566","article-title":"Dual influence of climate change and anthropogenic activities on the spatiotemporal vegetation dynamics over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau from 1981 to 2015","volume":"10","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Future"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, B., Zhang, Z., Tian, J., Kong, R., and Chen, X. (2022). Increasing Negative Impacts of Climatic Change and Anthropogenic Activities on Vegetation Variation on the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau during 1982\u20132019. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14194735"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107821","article-title":"GIMMS NDVI3g+ (1982\u20132015) response to climate change and engineering activities along the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Railway","volume":"128","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-017-1321-5","article-title":"Varying responses of vegetation activity to climate changes on the Tibetan Plateau grassland","volume":"61","author":"Cong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21223-2","article-title":"Seasonal biological carryover dominates northern vegetation growth","volume":"12","author":"Lian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148497","article-title":"Effects of the interaction among climate, terrain and human activities on biodiversity on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"794","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-021-6848-6","article-title":"GIS-based spatial prediction of landslide using road factors and random forest for Sichuan-Tibet Highway","volume":"19","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mt. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"145","article-title":"Difficulties and strategies of G318 extension and reconstruction design in Tibet","volume":"40","author":"Tao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Shanxi Arch."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coldregions.2023.103784","article-title":"Discrepancies of permafrost variations under thermal impacts from highway and railway on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"208","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cold Reg. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"975","article-title":"Analysis on hydrothermal difference changes of highway pavement structure on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Southeast Univ. Nat. Sci. Ed."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"54","article-title":"Application of RS and GIS to road ecological effect assessment","volume":"29","author":"Cai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chang\u2019an Univ. Nat. Sci. Ed."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"101","article-title":"The road-region boundary based on vegetation index","volume":"59","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"73","article-title":"Comparison and analysis of MODIS NDVI and MODIS EVI","volume":"2010","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Inf."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"274","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variation of vegetation phenology and its response to climate in the tropic of cancer (Yunnan section) based on MODIS time-series data","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4309","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1210423110","article-title":"Green-up dates in the Tibetan Plateau have continuously advanced from 1982 to 2011","volume":"110","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.108700","article-title":"Vegetation dynamics in response to climate change and human activities in the Hulun Lake basin from 1981 to 2019","volume":"136","author":"Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1093\/jpe\/rtab119","article-title":"Patterns of grassland community composition and structure along an elevational gradient on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/jpe\/rtab067","article-title":"Aboveground net primary productivity and soil respiration display different responses to precipitation changes in desert grassland","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1093\/jpe\/rtab102","article-title":"Litterfall seasonality and adaptive strategies of tropical and subtropical evergreen forests in China","volume":"15","author":"Dai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2019.102834","article-title":"Assessment of the impacts of climate change and human activities on vegetation cover change in the Haihe River basin, China","volume":"115","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-011-0869-y","article-title":"Responses of grassland vegetation to climatic variations on different temporal scales in Hulun Buir Grassland in the past 30 years","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"141","article-title":"NDVI variation and its relationship with temperature and precipitation on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. For. Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"174","article-title":"Spatial-temporal variation characteristics of vegetation coverage along Sichuan-Tibet railway","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Arid Land Resour. Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, Y., Wang, Y., Zheng, S., Huete, A.R., Shen, M., Zhang, X., Huang, J., He, G., Yu, L., and Xu, X. (2022). Characteristics of Greening along Altitudinal Gradients on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Based on Time-Series Landsat Images. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14102408"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"74","article-title":"Variations and controlling factors of vegetation dynamics on the Qingzang Plateau of China over the recent 20 years","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geogr. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1017","article-title":"Study of the vegetation change due to the reinforcement and rebuilding along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway","volume":"36","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Glaciol. Geocryol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-007-0474-2","article-title":"Interannual variability of the normalized difference vegetation index on the Tibetan plateau and its relationship with climate change","volume":"24","author":"Zhou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"3995","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variation of human activity intensity and its driving factors on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"43","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2016.09.005","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of the relative roles of climate change and human activities in desertification processes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau based on net primary productivity","volume":"147","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, Z., Wu, W., Yu, X., Song, Q., Yang, J., Wu, J., and Zhang, H. (2018). Variation of Net Primary Production and Its Correlation with Climate Change and Anthropogenic Activities over the Tibetan Plateau. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10091352"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"961","article-title":"Contribution of climatic change and human activities to vegetation NDVI change over China during 1982\u20132015","volume":"75","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"35","article-title":"Impact of climate change and engineering activities on spatiotemporal changes of vegetation index along Qinghai-Tibet Railway","volume":"40","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geogr. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coldregions.2020.103028","article-title":"Thermal influences of road engineering on permafrost underneath different surface condition in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"173","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cold Reg. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2011.03.009","article-title":"Life-cycle assessment of pavements Part II: Filling the research gaps","volume":"55","author":"Santero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.01.019","article-title":"Aging albedo model for asphalt pavement surfaces","volume":"117","author":"Sen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-012-5587-z","article-title":"Permafrost changes and engineering stability in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau","volume":"58","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52006","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/510\/5\/052006","article-title":"Test analysis on drainage base mixture of asphalt pavement in cold area","volume":"510","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-012-5407-5","article-title":"Spatiotemporal variation in alpine grassland phenology in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau from 1999 to 2009","volume":"58","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17521\/cjpe.2006.0001","article-title":"Variations in grassland vegetation cover in relation to climatic factors on the Tibetan Plateau. Chin","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2017.10.026","article-title":"Vegetation phenology on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its response to climate change (1982\u20132013)","volume":"248","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiao, K., Gao, J., and Liu, Z. (2021). Precipitation Drives the NDVI Distribution on the Tibetan Plateau While High Warming Rates May Intensify Its Ecological Droughts. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13071305"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-16-0292.1","article-title":"Defining Ecological Drought for the Twenty-First Century","volume":"98","author":"Crausbay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13470","article-title":"Convergence of terrestrial plant production across global climate gradients","volume":"512","author":"Michaletz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Chen, Y., Li, Z., Li, Y., Zhang, Q., and Zan, M. (2021). Driving Forces of the Changes in Vegetation Phenology in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13234952"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Yu, H. (2013). Dynamics of Grassland Growth and Its Response to Climate Change on Tibetan Plateau. [Ph.D. Thesis, Lanzhou University]. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2016.11.006","article-title":"Critical climate periods for grassland productivity on China\u2019s Loess Plateau","volume":"233","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2013.06.018","article-title":"Differential responses of trees to temperature variation during the chilling and forcing phases","volume":"181","author":"Luedeling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1836","article-title":"Temperature and vegetation seasonality diminishment over northern lands","volume":"3","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3647","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12961","article-title":"Precipitation impacts on vegetation spring phenology on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"21","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2014.10.003","article-title":"Combined uncertainty of hydrological model complexity and satellite-based forcing data evaluated in two data-scarce semi-arid catchments in Ethiopia","volume":"519","author":"Knoche","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/23\/5473\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:28:16Z","timestamp":1760131696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/23\/5473"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15235473"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15235473","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]]}}}