{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T15:03:05Z","timestamp":1776870185148,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Aerospace Science and Technology Innovation Application Research Project","award":["E23Y0H555S1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E23Y0H555S1"]}]},{"name":"Aerospace Science and Technology Innovation Application Research Project","award":["62502510201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62502510201"]}]},{"name":"Aerospace Science and Technology Innovation Application Research Project","award":["30-Y20A010-9007-17\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30-Y20A010-9007-17\/18"]}]},{"name":"Aerospace Science and Technology Innovation Application Research Project","award":["E13Y0J31601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E13Y0J31601"]}]},{"name":"Aviation Science and Technology Innovation Application Research Project","award":["E23Y0H555S1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E23Y0H555S1"]}]},{"name":"Aviation Science and Technology Innovation Application Research Project","award":["62502510201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62502510201"]}]},{"name":"Aviation Science and Technology Innovation Application Research Project","award":["30-Y20A010-9007-17\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30-Y20A010-9007-17\/18"]}]},{"name":"Aviation Science and Technology Innovation Application Research Project","award":["E13Y0J31601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E13Y0J31601"]}]},{"name":"China High-Resolution Earth Observation System (CHEOS)","award":["E23Y0H555S1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E23Y0H555S1"]}]},{"name":"China High-Resolution Earth Observation System (CHEOS)","award":["62502510201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62502510201"]}]},{"name":"China High-Resolution Earth Observation System (CHEOS)","award":["30-Y20A010-9007-17\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30-Y20A010-9007-17\/18"]}]},{"name":"China High-Resolution Earth Observation System (CHEOS)","award":["E13Y0J31601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E13Y0J31601"]}]},{"name":"China Center for Resource Satellite Data and Applications Project","award":["E23Y0H555S1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E23Y0H555S1"]}]},{"name":"China Center for Resource Satellite Data and Applications Project","award":["62502510201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62502510201"]}]},{"name":"China Center for Resource Satellite Data and Applications Project","award":["30-Y20A010-9007-17\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30-Y20A010-9007-17\/18"]}]},{"name":"China Center for Resource Satellite Data and Applications Project","award":["E13Y0J31601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E13Y0J31601"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The polarization crossfire (PCF) suite carried onboard the Chinese GaoFen-5B satellite is composed of a Particulate Observing Scanning Polarimeter (POSP) and a Directional Polarimetric Camera (DPC), which can provide multi-angle, multi-spectral, and polarization data. In this paper, the influence of polarization and the directionality of reflectance in open oceans on the inversion of chlorophyll a (Chla) concentrations are investigated, from 410 nm to 670 nm. First, we exploit a vector radiative transfer model to simulate the absolute and relative magnitudes of the water-leaving radiance signal (I) and the parallel polarization radiance (PPR) to the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiation field. The simulation results show that the PPR can enhance the relative contribution of the water-leaving signal, especially in sunglint observation geometry. The water-leaving signal for PPR exhibits significant directional and spectral variations relative to the observation geometries, and the maximum value of the water-leaving signal for PPR occurs in the backscattering direction. In addition, the sensitivity of the PPR to the Chla concentration is sufficient. The synthetic datasets are utilized to develop retrieval algorithms for the Chla concentrations based on the back-propagation neural network (BPNN). The inversion results show that the PCF strategy improves the accuracy of Chla retrieval, with an RMSE of 0.014 and an RRMSE of 6.57%. Thus, it is an effective method for retrieving the Chla concentration in open oceans, by utilizing both the directionality and polarization of the reflectance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15235490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T10:10:39Z","timestamp":1700820639000},"page":"5490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Simulation of Parallel Polarization Radiance for Retrieving Chlorophyll a Concentrations in Open Oceans Based on Spaceborne Polarization Crossfire Strategy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yichen","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Calibration and Characterization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaobing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Calibration and Characterization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Hefei Chief Expert Studio of Agricultural Industry, Hefei 230031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Calibration and Characterization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Hefei Chief Expert Studio of Agricultural Industry, Hefei 230031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Honglian","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Calibration and Characterization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Hefei Chief Expert Studio of Agricultural Industry, Hefei 230031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rufang","family":"Ti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Calibration and Characterization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Calibration and Characterization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haixiao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Calibration and Characterization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuxuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Calibration and Characterization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiqi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Calibration and Characterization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuyao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Calibration and Characterization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09268","article-title":"Global phytoplankton decline over the past century","volume":"466","author":"Boyce","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1095964","article-title":"The evolution of modern eukaryotic 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