{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T14:46:33Z","timestamp":1773845193155,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,26]],"date-time":"2023-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42005099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42005099"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11973015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11973015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11833001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11833001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFA0713501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0713501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42005099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42005099"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11973015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11973015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11833001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11833001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFA0713501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0713501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The radio occultation method, one of the methods used to provide planetary atmospheric profiles with high vertical resolution, was applied to China\u2019s first Mars mission, Tianwen-1. We carried out observations based on the Chinese Deep Space Network, and one-way, two-way, and three-way modes were used for Doppler observations from the Tianwen-1 spacecraft. We successfully obtained effective observations from Tianwen-1 on 22 and 25 March 2022. An inversion system developed for Tianwen-1 radio occultation observations enabled the derivation of neutral atmospheric density, pressure, temperature, and electron density profiles of Mars. Utilizing one-way tracking data, Martian ionospheric electron density profiles were retrieved at latitudes between 68.7 and 70.7 degrees (N). However, the presence of strong random walk noise in one-way tracking data led to poor inversion results. Meanwhile, Martian ionospheric electron density and neutral atmosphere profiles were extracted from two-way and three-way tracking data at latitudes between 55.1 and 57.0 degrees (S) on 22 March and at latitudes between 62.8 and 63.4 degrees (S) on 25 March. Importantly, our inversion results from Tianwen-1 maintained consistency with results from the Mars Express and the Chapman theory (mainly in the M2 layer). Through two days\u2019 observation experiments, we established and verified the occultation solution system and prepared for the follow-up occultation plans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15235506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T03:35:06Z","timestamp":1701056106000},"page":"5506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Preliminary Estimations of Mars Atmospheric and Ionospheric Profiles from Tianwen-1 Radio Occultation One-Way, Two-Way, and Three-Way Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Min","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Meteorological Service, Shanghai 200030, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lue","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Aerospace Control Center, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"National Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nianchuan","family":"Jian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2373-7139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Aerospace Control Center, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Aerospace Control Center, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9807-649X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qianqian","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Aerospace Control Center, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinsong","family":"Ping","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengjie","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1126\/science.149.3689.1243","article-title":"Occultation experiment: Results of the first direct measurement of Mars\u2019s atmosphere and ionosphere","volume":"149","author":"Kliore","year":"1965","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-0633(68)90020-2","article-title":"The atmosphere of Mars analyzed by integral inversion of the Mariner IV occultation data","volume":"16","author":"Fjeldbo","year":"1968","journal-title":"Planet. Space. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Asmar, S.W., and Renzetti, N.A. (1993). The Deep Space Network as an Instrument for Radio Science Research, JPL Publication."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26997","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JE001069","article-title":"Initial results from radio occultation measurements with Mars Global Surveyor","volume":"104","author":"Hinson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E03010","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JE002154","article-title":"MGS Radio Science electron density profiles: Interannual variability and implications","volume":"109","author":"Bougher","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1002\/jgre.20058","article-title":"The structure of Mars lower atmosphere from Mars Express Radio Science (MaRS) occultation measurements","volume":"118","author":"Tellmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2014.09.019","article-title":"Initial results from radio occultation measurements with the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter: A nocturnal mixed layer in the tropics and comparisons with polar profiles from the Mars Climate Sounder","volume":"243","author":"Hinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-015-0139-x","article-title":"Grebowsky. The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) Mission","volume":"195","author":"Jakosky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Space Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E05002","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JE002612","article-title":"Radio occultation measurements of transient eddies in the northern hemisphere of Mars","volume":"111","author":"Hinson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2007.09.009","article-title":"Radio occultation measurements and MGCM simulations of Kelvin waves on Mars","volume":"193","author":"Hinson","year":"2008","journal-title":"ICARUS"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1086\/111096","article-title":"The neutral atmosphere of Venus as studied with the Mariner V radio occultation experiments","volume":"76","author":"Fjeldbo","year":"1971","journal-title":"Astron. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9505","DOI":"10.1029\/97JA03689","article-title":"Jupiter\u2019s ionosphere: New results from the first Voyager 2 radio occultation measurements","volume":"103","author":"Hinson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"L05203","article-title":"A sporadic layer in the Venus lower ionosphere of meteoric origin","volume":"36","author":"Tellmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1029\/97GL01608","article-title":"Jupiter\u2019s ionosphere: Results from the first Galileo radio occultation experiment","volume":"24","author":"Hinson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-0633(93)90104-A","article-title":"The structure of Jupiter\u2019s Io plasma torus inferred from Ulysses radio occultation observations","volume":"41","author":"Bird","year":"1993","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1086\/116119","article-title":"The atmosphere of Neptune: An analysis of radio occultation data acquired with Voyager 2","volume":"103","author":"Lindal","year":"1992","journal-title":"Astron. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1987.13896","article-title":"Radio propagation experiments in the outer solar system with Voyager","volume":"75","author":"Tyler","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"27","article-title":"Assimilation Technique of GPS\/LEO Occultation Date","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Astron."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Guo, P. (2005). GPS Radio Occultation Technique and CHAMP Occultation Data Retrieval. [Ph.D. Thesis, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory of Chinese Academy of Sciences]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1007\/s11433-011-4247-7","article-title":"Implementation of the Earth-based planetary radio occultation inversion technique","volume":"54","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"2177","article-title":"Martian electron density profiles retrieved from Mars Express dual-frequency radio occultation measurements","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-4527\/15\/9\/012","article-title":"Ionospheric inversion of the Venus Express radio occultation data observed by Shanghai 25 m and New Norcia 35 m antennas. Research in Astron","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"571","article-title":"Study of Mars\u2019 upper atmosphere based on radio occultation observations","volume":"36","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spacecr. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L., Ping, J., Cao, J., Liu, X., Wang, N., Wang, Z., Zhu, P., Wang, M., Man, H., and Fan, F. (2021). Retrieving Doppler frequency via local correlation method of segmented modeling. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13142846"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"80","article-title":"Tianwen-1 radio occultation observation experiment and feature analysis","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Deep Space Explor."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-016-0195-9","article-title":"Initial result of the Chinese Deep Space Stations\u2019 coordinates from Chinese domestic VLBI experiments","volume":"60","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. China Inform. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-4527\/10\/8\/002","article-title":"Mars geodesy, rotation and gravity","volume":"10","author":"Rosenblatt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res. Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Allen, C.W. (1999). Astrophysical Quantities, The Athlone Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3701","DOI":"10.1029\/JZ070i015p03701","article-title":"The Two-Frequency bistatic radio-occulation method for the study of planetary ionospheres","volume":"70","author":"Fjeldbo","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E05003","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JE002634","article-title":"Radio science measurements of atmospheric refractivity with Mars Global Surveyor","volume":"111","author":"Cahoy","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"467","article-title":"Detection of the martian atmosphere and ionosphere using spacecraft-earth radio occultation","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physics"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Moyer, T.D. (1971). Mathematical Formulation of the Double Precision Orbit Determination Program\/dpodp, NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS). No. JPL-TR-32-1527."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2009.04.027","article-title":"A review of observed variability in the dayside ionosphere of Mars","volume":"44","author":"Withers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"588","article-title":"Orbit determination of Tianwen-1 with one-way Doppler","volume":"52","author":"Jing","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACTA Geod. ET Cartogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Zhang, R. (2021). China\u2019s First Mars Exploration Program, China Astronautic Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schunk, R.W., and Nagy, A.F. (2000). Ionospheres\u2014Physics, Plasma Physics and Chemistry, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511551772"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-0633(90)90146-H","article-title":"Solar control of the Mars ionosphere","volume":"38","author":"Hantsch","year":"1990","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-006-9113-y","article-title":"Observations of vertical reflections from the topside Martian ionosphere","volume":"126","author":"Nielsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Space Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3592","DOI":"10.1029\/JA077i019p03592","article-title":"Numerical evaluation of Chapman\u2019s grazing incidence integral ch (X, \u03c7)","volume":"77","author":"Smith","year":"1972","journal-title":"JGR"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/23\/5506\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:30:42Z","timestamp":1760131842000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/23\/5506"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,26]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15235506"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15235506","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,26]]}}}