{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T13:46:20Z","timestamp":1765547180496,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFA0608402","41430425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0608402","41430425"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFA0608402","41430425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0608402","41430425"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Different aerosol types exhibit distinct radiative effects in different regions, attributed to their unique optical characteristics and regional distributions. This study focuses on North China, which is impacted by both natural and anthropogenic aerosols with high concentrations and a variety of aerosol types. While many studies on aerosol direct radiative effects have been conducted in this region, the majority have focused on a specific type of aerosol or overall aerosol, leaving limited research on the direct radiative effects and contributions of different aerosol types. In this study, we use CALIPSO satellite data from 2011 to 2020 to investigate concentrations and distributions of different aerosol types. The results reveal that dust, polluted dust, polluted continental\/smoke, and elevated smoke are the dominant aerosol types in North China. Based on the radiative closure experiment, we systematically calculate the radiative effects of different aerosol types and their corresponding contributions to the energy budget by combining satellite data with the Fu\u2013Liou radiative transfer model. The annual average net aerosol direct radiative effect (ADRE) of North China is \u22126.1 and \u221213.43 W m\u22122 at the TOA and surface, respectively, causing a net warming effect of 7.33 W m\u22122 in the atmosphere. For each main aerosol type, dust contributes 93% to the shortwave ADRE in the western dust source region, while polluted dust mainly contributes 31% and 45% of the total ADRE, in Northwest China and North China Plain, respectively. Anthropogenic pollutant aerosols account for 58% of the total ADRE in Northeast China. This study holds great significance in elucidating the dominant aerosol types and their concentrations in North China, comprehending the impacts of different aerosol types on the local energy balance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15235511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T03:35:06Z","timestamp":1701056106000},"page":"5511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Distributions and Direct Radiative Effects of Different Aerosol Types in North China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nan","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"given":"Xingzhu","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"given":"Weiqi","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8099-7979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1977)034<1149:TIOPOT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Influence of Pollution on the Shortwave Albedo of Clouds","volume":"34","author":"Twomey","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. 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