{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T23:28:42Z","timestamp":1776382122366,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41971281"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971281"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42271446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271446"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022NSFSC0537"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022NSFSC0537"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018542","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41971281"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971281"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018542","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42271446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271446"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018542","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022NSFSC0537"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022NSFSC0537"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and optical images often present different geometric structures and texture features for the same ground object. Through the fusion of SAR and optical images, it can effectively integrate their complementary information, thus better meeting the requirements of remote sensing applications, such as target recognition, classification, and change detection, so as to realize the collaborative utilization of multi-modal images. In order to select appropriate methods to achieve high-quality fusion of SAR and optical images, this paper conducts a systematic review of current pixel-level fusion algorithms for SAR and optical image fusion. Subsequently, eleven representative fusion methods, including component substitution methods (CS), multiscale decomposition methods (MSD), and model-based methods, are chosen for a comparative analysis. In the experiment, we produce a high-resolution SAR and optical image fusion dataset (named YYX-OPT-SAR) covering three different types of scenes, including urban, suburban, and mountain. This dataset and a publicly available medium-resolution dataset are used to evaluate these fusion methods based on three different kinds of evaluation criteria: visual evaluation, objective image quality metrics, and classification accuracy. In terms of the evaluation using image quality metrics, the experimental results show that MSD methods can effectively avoid the negative effects of SAR image shadows on the corresponding area of the fusion result compared with CS methods, while model-based methods exhibit relatively poor performance. Among all of the fusion methods involved in the comparison, the non-subsampled contourlet transform method (NSCT) presents the best fusion results. In the evaluation using image classification, most experimental results show that the overall classification accuracy after fusion is better than that before fusion. This indicates that optical-SAR fusion can improve land classification, with the gradient transfer fusion method (GTF) yielding the best classification results among all of these fusion methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15235514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T07:56:10Z","timestamp":1701071770000},"page":"5514","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Pixel-Level Fusion Algorithms and a New High-Resolution Dataset for SAR and Optical Image Fusion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jinjin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}]},{"given":"Jiacheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}]},{"given":"Huiyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}]},{"given":"Yangang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Topographic Surveying Brigade of Ministry of Natural Resources, Xian 710054, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6843-6722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanxin","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulkarni, S.C., and Rege, P.P. 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