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This method addresses the limitations of recent simulations, which failed to simultaneously incorporate different types of time-varying ship wakes, simulate based on the echo data, and discuss the velocity bunching (VB) effect on the image results. To address these issues, firstly, the time-varying wave height and velocity fields of the sea surface, Kelvin wakes, and turbulence wakes are simulated using the linear filtering method, classic fluid dynamics models, and attenuation function method, respectively. Secondly, raw data of the ocean ship wakes are obtained by calculating the backscattering fields using geophysical model functions (GMFs), as well as by determining the changing slant range varying with the elevation and velocity fields. Thirdly, by applying the Range-Doppler algorithm (RDA) for pulse compression and range cell migration correction (RCMC) on the echo data, SAR images with and without the VB effect are generated. Our simulation also accounts for the influence of speckle noise. The SAR imaging results indicate that whether the VB effect is considered or not, the radar electromagnetic wavebands, polarization modes, wind speeds, and the relative wind directions have distinct impacts on the SAR image intensity, and the texture and morphology of ship wakes vary significantly with the wind speeds, ship speeds, and the relative radar looking directions. When considering the VB effect, the azimuthal offset and blur in the images caused by the more intense wave motion also increase with the wave speeds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15235521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T11:54:48Z","timestamp":1701086088000},"page":"5521","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Simulation of Synthetic Aperture Radar Images for Ocean Ship Wakes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9219-6721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuya","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4770-3753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunhua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7337-9467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanmin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yining","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8443-4687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Honglei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"108","article-title":"Digital Processing of Synthetic Aperture Radar Data: Algorithms and Implementation","volume":"1","author":"Cumming","year":"2005","journal-title":"Artech House"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.803798","article-title":"SAR Raw Signal Simulation of Oil Slicks in Ocean Environments","volume":"40","author":"Franceschetti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trans. 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