{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T20:57:19Z","timestamp":1768424239555,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42377453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42377453"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42004006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004006"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021RC4037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021RC4037"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023JJ30235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023JJ30235"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021JJ40198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JJ40198"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-18"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["E22101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E22101"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talents Foundation","award":["42377453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42377453"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talents Foundation","award":["42004006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004006"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talents Foundation","award":["2021RC4037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021RC4037"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talents Foundation","award":["2023JJ30235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023JJ30235"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talents Foundation","award":["2021JJ40198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JJ40198"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talents Foundation","award":["2021-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-18"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talents Foundation","award":["E22101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E22101"]}]},{"name":"Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Hunan","award":["42377453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42377453"]}]},{"name":"Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Hunan","award":["42004006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004006"]}]},{"name":"Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Hunan","award":["2021RC4037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021RC4037"]}]},{"name":"Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Hunan","award":["2023JJ30235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023JJ30235"]}]},{"name":"Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Hunan","award":["2021JJ40198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JJ40198"]}]},{"name":"Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Hunan","award":["2021-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-18"]}]},{"name":"Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Hunan","award":["E22101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E22101"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Coal Resources Clean-utilization of and Mine Environment Protection Open fund","award":["42377453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42377453"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Coal Resources Clean-utilization of and Mine Environment Protection Open fund","award":["42004006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004006"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Coal Resources Clean-utilization of and Mine Environment Protection Open fund","award":["2021RC4037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021RC4037"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Coal Resources Clean-utilization of and Mine Environment Protection Open fund","award":["2023JJ30235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023JJ30235"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Coal Resources Clean-utilization of and Mine Environment Protection Open fund","award":["2021JJ40198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JJ40198"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Coal Resources Clean-utilization of and Mine Environment Protection Open fund","award":["2021-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-18"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Coal Resources Clean-utilization of and Mine Environment Protection Open fund","award":["E22101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E22101"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevailing research on forecasting surface deformations within mining territories predominantly hinges on parameter-centric numerical models, which manifest constraints concerning applicability and parameter reliability. Although Multi-Temporal InSAR (MT-InSAR) technology furnishes an abundance of data, the underlying information within these data has yet to be fully unearthed. Consequently, this paper advocates a novel methodology for prognosticating mining area surface deformation by integrating ensemble learning with MT-InSAR technology. Initially predicated upon the MT-InSAR monitoring outcomes, the target variables for the ensemble learning dataset were procured by melding distance-based features with spatial autocorrelation theory. In the ensuing phase, spatial stratified sampling alongside mutual information methodologies were deployed to select the features of the dataset. Utilizing the MT-InSAR monitoring data from the Zixing coal mine in Hunan, China, the relationship between fault slippage and coal extraction in the study area was rigorously analyzed using Granger causality tests and Johansen cointegration assays, thereby acquiring the dataset requisite for training the Bagging model. Subsequently, leveraging the Bagging technique, ensemble models were constructed employing Decision Trees, Support Vector Regression, and Multi-layer Perceptron as foundational estimators. Furthermore, the Tree-structured Parzen Estimator (TPE) optimization algorithm was applied to the Bagging model, resulting in an optimal model for predicting fault slip in mining areas. In comparison with the baseline model, the performance increased by 25.88%, confirming the effectiveness of the data preprocessing method outlined in this study. This result also demonstrates the innovation and feasibility of combining ensemble learning with MT-InSAR technology for predicting mining area surface deformation. This investigation is the first to integrate TPE-optimized ensemble models with MT-InSAR technology, offering a new perspective for predicting surface deformation in mining territories and providing valuable insights for further uncovering the hidden information in MT-InSAR monitoring data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15235546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T11:43:16Z","timestamp":1701171796000},"page":"5546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Research on Prediction of Surface Deformation in Mining Areas Based on TPE-Optimized Integrated Models and Multi-Temporal InSAR"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Sichun","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Spatial Information Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6050-2411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maoqi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Spatial Information Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"},{"name":"School of Resources & Environment and Safety Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Coal Resources Clean-Utilization of and Mine Environment Protection, Xiangtan 411201, China"}]},{"given":"Chaohui","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Spatial Information Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2081-7283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Satellite Navigation and Positioning Technology Research Centre, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Wenhao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Spatial Information Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"}]},{"given":"Hongjun","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Construction Fifth Engineering Division Corp., Ltd., Changsha 410000, China"}]},{"given":"Liya","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Spatial Information Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"}]},{"given":"Chuanguang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Spatial Information Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"}]},{"given":"Shide","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Construction Fifth Engineering Division Corp., Ltd., Changsha 410000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2018.04.062","article-title":"The geophysics, geology and mechanics of slow fault slip","volume":"495","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Planet. 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