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Meanwhile, the effects of thermospheric compositions are still indistinct. In this work, we analyze the mid\/low-latitude ionospheric variations during this period, utilizing multi-instrument observations. The vertical drift velocities from the Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) show significant variations and are in line with the changes in TEC at low latitudes in both of the two sectors. The zonal electric fields are supposed to play the main role in the TEC changes. This is also confirmed by the ionospheric F2 layer parameters data from the ionosonde stations at Sanya in the Asian\u2013Australian sectors. The correlation between the variations in the geomagnetic H component (\u0394H) and ionospheric F-layer electric fields can be affected by solar activity levels. The geomagnetic data \u0394H sometimes may not indicate the magnitude of the electric fields in the F-region ionosphere under geomagnetic quiet conditions. The column density ratio of atomic oxygen (O) to molecular nitrogen (N2) (\u2211O\/N2) from the Global Scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) showed a strong enhancement at mid-latitudes in the American sector on 30 November. It is speculated that the neutral compositions should make a minor contribution to the changes in TEC during this event, compared with the electric fields.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15235591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T04:12:56Z","timestamp":1701403976000},"page":"5591","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A New Approach to the Ionosphere at Middle and Low Latitudes under the Geomagnetic Quiet Time of December 2019 by ICON and GOLD Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6443-4756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Astronautics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9453-6441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiawei","family":"Kuai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Astronautics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5130-8185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiahao","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Planetary Environmental and Astrobiological Research Laboratory (PEARL), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5773-0184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Libo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Heilongjiang Mohe National Observatory of Geophysics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"given":"Ruilong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Heilongjiang Mohe National Observatory of Geophysics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0104-3059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lianhuan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"given":"Qiaoling","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, School of Space Science and Physics, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JA028964","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JA028964","article-title":"The ionosphere at middle and low latitudes under geomagnetic quiet time of December 2019","volume":"126","author":"Kuai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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