{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T17:29:50Z","timestamp":1770917390860,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NASA","award":["80NSSC18K0434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC18K0434"]}]},{"name":"NASA","award":["80NSSC18K0446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC18K0446"]}]},{"name":"NASA","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Research Projects Plan","award":["80NSSC18K0434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC18K0434"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Research Projects Plan","award":["80NSSC18K0446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC18K0446"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Research Projects Plan","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/"]}]},{"name":"Una manera de hacer Europa","award":["80NSSC18K0434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC18K0434"]}]},{"name":"Una manera de hacer Europa","award":["80NSSC18K0446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC18K0446"]}]},{"name":"Una manera de hacer Europa","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Satellite-derived Ecosystem Functional Types (EFTs) are increasingly used in ecology and conservation to characterize ecosystem heterogeneity. The diversity of EFTs, also known as Ecosystem Functional Diversity (EFD), has been suggested both as a potential metric of ecosystem-level biodiversity and as a predictor for ecosystem functioning, ecosystem services, and resilience. However, the impact of key methodological choices on patterns of EFTs and EFD have not been formally assessed. Using Costa Rica as a study system, we compared EFTs and EFD, derived from MODIS and Landsat data using different methodological assumptions, at both national and local extents. Our results showed that the regional spatial patterns of EFTs and EFD derived from 250 m MODIS and 30 m Landsat are notably different. The selection of sensors for deriving EFTs and EFD is dependent on the study area, data quality, and the research objective. Given its finer spatial resolution, Landsat has greater capacity to differentiate more EFTs than MODIS, though MODIS could be a better choice in frequently cloudy areas due to its shorter revisiting time. We also found that the selection of spatial extent used to derive EFD is critical, as smaller extents (e.g., at a local rather than a national scale) can show much higher diversity. However, diversity levels derived at smaller extents appear to be nested within the diversity levels derived at larger extents. As EFTs and EFD continue to develop as a tool for ecosystem ecology, we highlight the important methodological choices to ensure that these metrics best fit research objectives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15235593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T08:36:59Z","timestamp":1701419819000},"page":"5593","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Influences of Satellite Sensor and Scale on Derivation of Ecosystem Functional Types and Diversity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lingling","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MI 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5768-216X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey R.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda H.","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA"},{"name":"Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research II, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8988-4540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domingo","family":"Alcaraz-Segura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i-Ecolab, Inter-University Institute for Earth System Research in Andalusia, University of Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Botany, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Andalusian Center for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG), University of Almeria, 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2817-4486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Howard E.","family":"Epstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Echeverri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelley E.","family":"Langhans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafael J. P.","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"},{"name":"Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Chaplin-Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Science, WWF, 131 Steuart St., San Francisco, CA 94105, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.15609","article-title":"Biome: Evolution of a Crucial Ecological and Biogeographical Concept","volume":"222","author":"Mucina","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-822X.2006.00215.x","article-title":"Identification of Current Ecosystem Functional Types in the Iberian Peninsula","volume":"15","author":"Alcaraz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glob. 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