{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T11:31:49Z","timestamp":1771068709614,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]],"date-time":"2023-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NASA Biological Diversity and Ecological Forecasting Program","award":["#80NSSC19K0200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#80NSSC19K0200"]}]},{"name":"NASA Biological Diversity and Ecological Forecasting Program","award":["#80NSSC20K1746"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#80NSSC20K1746"]}]},{"name":"NASA Rapid Response and Novel research in the Earth Sciences (RRNES) Program","award":["#80NSSC19K0200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#80NSSC19K0200"]}]},{"name":"NASA Rapid Response and Novel research in the Earth Sciences (RRNES) Program","award":["#80NSSC20K1746"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#80NSSC20K1746"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Increased tourism in Belize over the last decade and the growth of the local population have led to coastal development and infrastructure expansion. Land use alteration and anthropogenic activity may change the sediment and nutrient loads in coastal systems, which can negatively affect ecosystems via mechanisms such as reducing photosynthetically active radiation fields, smothering sessile habitats, and stimulating eutrophication events. Accurate monitoring and prediction of water quality parameters such as Total Suspended Sediments (TSS), are essential in order to understand the influence of land-based changes, climate, and human activities on the coastal systems and devise strategies to mitigate negative impacts. This study implements machine learning algorithms such as Random Forests (RF), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), and Deep Neural Networks (DNN) to estimate TSS using Sentinel-2 reflectance data in the Belize Coastal Lagoon (BCL) and validates the results using TSS data collected in situ. DNN performed the best and estimated TSS with a testing R2 of 0.89. Time-series analysis was also performed on the BCL\u2019s TSS trends using Bayesian Changepoint Detection (BCD) methods to flag anomalously high TSS spatio-temporally, which may be caused by dredging events. Having such a framework can ease the near-real-time monitoring of water quality in Belize, help track the TSS dynamics for anomalies, and aid in meeting and maintaining the sustainable goals for Belize.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15235625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]],"date-time":"2023-12-04T12:15:14Z","timestamp":1701692114000},"page":"5625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Total Suspended Sediments in the Belize Coastal Lagoon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8513-7871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chintan B.","family":"Maniyar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2304-0787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megha","family":"Rudresh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"},{"name":"School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA"}]},{"given":"Ileana A.","family":"Callejas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 91011, USA"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Osborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 91011, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1615-236X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine M.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Jay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 91011, USA"}]},{"given":"Myles","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Conservation Society, Belize Program, Belize City P.O. Box 768, Belize"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Auil Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Conservation Society, Belize Program, Belize City P.O. Box 768, Belize"}]},{"given":"Emil A.","family":"Cherrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth System Science Center, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5665-700X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth System Science Center, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8813-5748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth System Science Center, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA"}]},{"given":"Andria","family":"Rosado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coastal Zone Management Authority and Institute, Belize City P.O. Box 1884, Belize"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Rosado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coastal Zone Management Authority and Institute, Belize City P.O. Box 1884, Belize"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9955-4948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stacey L.","family":"Felgate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean Biogeosciences, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK"},{"name":"Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean Biogeosciences, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1642-7845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanesa","family":"Mart\u00edn-Arias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth System Science Center, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8192-7681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepak R.","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"A Preliminary Study of Water Quality in Rural Belize","volume":"5","author":"Waight","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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