{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T01:22:30Z","timestamp":1776388950087,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":164,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ISRO\u2019s Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Our understanding of the impact of climate change on forests is constrained by a lack of long-term phenological monitoring. It is generally carried out via (1) ground observations, (2) satellite-based remote sensing, and (3) near-surface remote sensing (e.g., PhenoCams, unmanned aerial vehicles, etc.). Ground-based observations are limited by space, time, funds, and human observer bias. Satellite-based phenological monitoring does not carry these limitations; however, it is generally associated with larger uncertainties due to atmospheric noise, land cover mixing, and the modifiable area unit problem. In this context, near-surface remote sensing technologies, e.g., PhenoCam, emerge as a promising alternative complementing ground and satellite-based observations. Ground-based phenological observations generally record the following key parameters: leaves (bud stage, mature, abscission), flowers (bud stage, anthesis, abscission), and fruit (bud stage, maturation, and abscission). This review suggests that most of these nine parameters can be recorded using PhenoCam with &gt;90% accuracy. Currently, Phenocameras are situated in the US, Europe, and East Asia, with a stark paucity over Africa, South America, Central, South-East, and South Asia. There is a need to expand PhenoCam monitoring in underrepresented regions, especially in the tropics, to better understand global forest dynamics as well as the impact of global change on forest ecosystems. Here, we spotlight India and discuss the need for a new PhenoCam network covering the diversity of Indian forests and its possible applications in forest management at a local level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15245642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T03:48:41Z","timestamp":1701834521000},"page":"5642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Plugging the Gaps in the Global PhenoCam Monitoring of Forests\u2014The Need for a PhenoCam Network across Indian Forests"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Karun","family":"Jose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, BITS Pilani K K Birla Goa Campus, Vasco da Gama 403726, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7461-4580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajiv Kumar","family":"Chaturvedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, BITS Pilani K K Birla Goa Campus, Vasco da Gama 403726, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2375-7677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chockalingam","family":"Jeganathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing, Birla Institute of Technology (BIT), Mesra, Ranchi 835215, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9976-6270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mukunda Dev","family":"Behera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences (CORAL), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7412-057X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chandra Prakash","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad 380015, India"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01553661","article-title":"Contributions to phenology seasonality research","volume":"20","author":"Lieth","year":"1976","journal-title":"Int. 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