{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T17:14:19Z","timestamp":1774545259651,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]],"date-time":"2023-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42041007-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42041007-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42001009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coal mining and ecological restoration activities significantly affect land surfaces, particularly vegetation. Long-term quantitative analyses of vegetation disturbance and restoration are crucial for effective mining management and ecological environmental supervision. In this study, using the Google Earth Engine and all available Landsat images from 1987 to 2020, we employed the Landsat-based Detection of Trends in Disturbance and Recovery (LandTrendr) algorithm and Support Vector Machine (SVM) to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the year, intensity, duration, and pattern of vegetation disturbance and restoration in the Heidaigou and Haerwusu open-pit coal mines (H-HOCMs) in the Jungar Coalfield of China. Our findings indicate that the overall accuracy for extractions of disturbance and restoration events in the H-HOCMs area is 83% and 84.5%, respectively, with kappa coefficients of 0.82 for both. Mining in Heidaigou has continued since its beginning in the 1990s, advancing toward the south and then eastward directions, and mining in the Haerwusu has advanced from west to east since 2010. The disturbance magnitude of the vegetation greenness in the mining area is relatively low, with a duration of about 4\u20135 years, and the restoration magnitude and duration vary considerably. The trajectory types show that vegetation restoration (R, 44%) occupies the largest area, followed by disturbance (D, 31%), restoration\u2013disturbance (RD, 16%), disturbance\u2013restoration (DR, 8%), restoration\u2013disturbance\u2013restoration (RDR), and no change (NC). The LandTrendr algorithm effectively detected changes in vegetation disturbance and restoration in H-HOCMs. Vegetation disturbance and restoration occurred in the study area, with a cumulative disturbance-to-restoration ratio of 61.79% since 1988. Significant restoration occurred primarily in the external dumps and continued ecological recovery occurred in the surrounding area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15245667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,8]],"date-time":"2023-12-08T03:03:33Z","timestamp":1702004613000},"page":"5667","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Tracking the Vegetation Change Trajectory over Large-Surface Coal Mines in the Jungar Coalfield Using Landsat Time-Series Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7577-3089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanfang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei International Joint Research Center for Remote Sensing of Agricultural Drought Monitoring, School of Land Science and Space Planning, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang 050031, China"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei International Joint Research Center for Remote Sensing of Agricultural Drought Monitoring, School of Land Science and Space Planning, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang 050031, China"}]},{"given":"Hengtao","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei International Joint Research Center for Remote Sensing of Agricultural Drought Monitoring, School of Land Science and Space Planning, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang 050031, China"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei International Joint Research Center for Remote Sensing of Agricultural Drought Monitoring, School of Land Science and Space Planning, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang 050031, China"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water-Saving, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China"}]},{"given":"Ding","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei International Joint Research Center for Remote Sensing of Agricultural Drought Monitoring, School of Land Science and Space Planning, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang 050031, China"}]},{"given":"Yuejia","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei International Joint Research Center for Remote Sensing of Agricultural Drought Monitoring, School of Land Science and Space Planning, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang 050031, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4484","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-020-00784-0","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of landscape transformation due to coal mining activity using earth observation satellite data in Jharsuguda coal mining region, Odisha, India","volume":"23","author":"Ranjan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. 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