{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T18:05:26Z","timestamp":1772906726479,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,9]],"date-time":"2023-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42277450"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42277450"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022J01179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022J01179"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003392","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42277450"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42277450"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003392","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022J01179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022J01179"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the past several decades, drought events have occurred frequently around the world. However, research on the propagation of drought events has not been adequately explored. This study investigated the drought propagation process from meteorological drought to agricultural drought (PMAD) and from meteorological drought to hydrological drought (PMHD) using a 72-year reanalysis dataset in the tropical Lancang\u2013Mekong River Basin. Firstly, we used a new method\u2014Standardized Drought Analysis Toolbox\u2014to construct drought indices. Then, a linear method (Pearson correlation analysis) and a nonlinear method (mutual information) were used to investigate the drought propagation process. Cross-wavelet analysis and wavelet coherence analysis were employed to explore the statistical relationship among the three drought types. Finally, the random forest method was applied to quantify the major factors in drought response time (DRT). The results revealed the following: (1) both linear and nonlinear methods exhibited strong temporal and spatial consistency for both PMAD and PMHD, with linear relationships being stronger than nonlinear ones. (2) The DRTs of PMAD and PMHD were around 1\u20132 months and 3\u20135 months, respectively. Significant differences existed in the DRT between the dry season and the rainy season. (3) A divergent spatial pattern of the proportion of DRT was observed between PMAD and PMHD. (4) Significant statistical correlations between meteorological drought and agricultural drought and between meteorological drought and hydrological drought were observed in specific periods for each sub-region; (5) Hydrometeorological factors contributed the most to DRT, followed by terrain factors and the land cover types. The findings of this study deepened our understanding of the spatial\u2013temporal relationship of multiple drought propagation types in this transboundary river basin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15245678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T13:18:21Z","timestamp":1702300701000},"page":"5678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Propagation of Meteorological Drought to Agricultural and Hydrological Droughts in the Tropical Lancang\u2013Mekong River Basin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ganlin","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Resources and Environment, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China"},{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9763-7803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaoliang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Resources and Environment, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China"},{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9250-3657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lamin R.","family":"Mansaray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Remote Sensing and GIS, Institute of Geography and Development Studies, School of Environmental Sciences, Njala University, Njala Campus, PMB, Freetown 1313, Sierra Leone"}]},{"given":"Hongfeng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Resources and Environment, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China"},{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China"}]},{"given":"Aoni","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Resources and Environment, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China"},{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China"}]},{"given":"Yanling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Resources and Environment, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China"},{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2010.07.012","article-title":"A review of drought concepts","volume":"391","author":"Mishra","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11575","article-title":"Little change in global drought over the past 60 years","volume":"491","author":"Sheffield","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5958","article-title":"Global drought trends under 1.5 and 2 \u00b0C warming","volume":"39","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2021.104489","article-title":"Factors influencing dryland agricultural productivity","volume":"189","author":"Chimwamurombe","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2019.04.015","article-title":"Droughts in East Africa: Causes, impacts and resilience","volume":"193","author":"Haile","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1177\/00307270221103289","article-title":"Drought\u2019s implications on agricultural skills in South Africa","volume":"51","author":"Katiyatiya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Outlook Agric."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2018.02.001","article-title":"Drying tendency dominating the global grain production area","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Food Secur."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhaga, T.D., Dube, T., Shekede, M.D., and Shoko, C. (2020). Impacts of Climate Variability and Drought on Surface Water Resources in Sub-Saharan Africa Using Remote Sensing: A Review. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12244184"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/02626667.2019.1571274","article-title":"An analysis of past and present megadrought impacts on a modern water resource system","volume":"64","author":"Murphy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veijalainen, N., Ahopelto, L., Marttunen, M., J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen, J., Britschgi, R., Orvomaa, M., Belinskij, A., and Keskinen, M. (2019). Severe Drought in Finland: Modeling Effects on Water Resources and Assessing Climate Change Impacts. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11082450"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiao, W., Wang, L., Wang, H., Lanning, M., Chang, Q., and Novick, K.A. (2022). Comprehensive Quantification of the Responses of Ecosystem Production and Respiration to Drought Time Scale, Intensity and Timing in Humid Environments: A FLUXNET Synthesis. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosciences, 127.","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JG006431"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1007\/s11707-019-0778-4","article-title":"Review of drought impacts on carbon cycling in grassland ecosystems","volume":"14","author":"Lei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5086","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16270","article-title":"Drought legacies and ecosystem responses to subsequent drought","volume":"28","author":"Bahn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/ajs4.52","article-title":"The social and economic impacts of drought","volume":"54","author":"Edwards","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust. J. Soc. Issues"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4110","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-021-01607-6","article-title":"Drought effects on the Iranian economy: A computable general equilibrium approach","volume":"24","author":"Shahpari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156021","article-title":"Drought propagation under global warming: Characteristics, approaches, processes, and controlling factors","volume":"838","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2021.106996","article-title":"Attribution of meteorological, hydrological and agricultural drought propagation in different climatic regions of China","volume":"255","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2015.05.023","article-title":"The response of agricultural drought to meteorological drought and the influencing factors: A case study in the Wei River Basin, China","volume":"159","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2017.01.041","article-title":"The propagation from meteorological to hydrological drought and its potential influence factors","volume":"547","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197142","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2197142","article-title":"Response of Hydrological Drought to Meteorological Drought under the Influence of Large Reservoir","volume":"2016","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153270","article-title":"Effects and contributions of meteorological drought on agricultural drought under different climatic zones and vegetation types in Northwest China","volume":"821","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788248","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2022.788248","article-title":"Spatial and Temporal Global Patterns of Drought Propagation","volume":"10","author":"Fuentes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165314","article-title":"Dynamic variations of terrestrial ecological drought and propagation analysis with meteorological drought across the mainland China","volume":"896","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Lai, H., Wang, F., Feng, K., Qi, Q., and Li, Y. (2022). Spatial-Temporal Patterns and Propagation Dynamics of Ecological Drought in the North China Plain. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14101542"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2020.106479","article-title":"The use of combined soil moisture data to characterize agricultural drought conditions and the relationship among different drought types in China","volume":"243","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/wat2.1085","article-title":"Hydrological drought explained","volume":"2","year":"2015","journal-title":"WIREs Water"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022WR032846","DOI":"10.1029\/2022WR032846","article-title":"The Peer-To-Peer Type Propagation From Meteorological Drought to Soil Moisture Drought Occurs in Areas With Strong Land-Atmosphere Interaction","volume":"58","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s40333-023-0059-7","article-title":"Propagation characteristics from meteorological drought to agricultural drought over the Heihe River Basin, Northwest China","volume":"15","author":"Bai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Arid Land"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Zhang, X., Yin, G., Xu, Y., and Hao, F. (2022). Evaluation of Drought Propagation Characteristics and Influencing Factors in an Arid Region of Northeast Asia (ARNA). Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14143307"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-21-0250.1","article-title":"Seasonal Propagation Characteristics from Meteorological to Hydrological Drought and Their Dynamics in the Headstreams of the Tarim River Basin","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JD033455","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JD033455","article-title":"Propagation of Meteorological to Hydrological Droughts in India","volume":"125","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.117460","article-title":"Global analysis of the correlation and propagation among meteorological, agricultural, surface water, and groundwater droughts","volume":"333","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150257","article-title":"The spatiotemporal variations and propagation of droughts in Plateau Mountains of China","volume":"805","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.127138","article-title":"Drought propagation modification after the construction of the Three Gorges Dam in the Yangtze River Basin","volume":"603","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.126194","article-title":"Characterization of agricultural drought propagation over China based on bivariate probabilistic quantification","volume":"598","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.128889","article-title":"Propagation from meteorological to hydrological drought and its application to drought prediction in the Xijiang River basin, South China","volume":"617","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2023.101329","article-title":"From meteorological to agricultural drought: Propagation time and probabilistic linkages","volume":"46","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2019.124147","article-title":"Propagation from meteorological drought to hydrological drought under the impact of human activities: A case study in northern China","volume":"579","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Wang, W., Cheng, H., Wang, H., and Zhu, Y. (2021). Propagation from Meteorological to Hydrological Drought and Its Influencing Factors in the Huaihe River Basin. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13141985"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6048","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2023.3290685","article-title":"Probabilistic Evaluation of Drought Propagation Using Satellite Data and Deep Learning Model: From Precipitation to Soil Moisture and Groundwater","volume":"16","author":"Seo","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.111980","article-title":"Propagation of meteorological to hydrological drought for different climate regions in China","volume":"283","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, J., Li, Q., Wang, L., Lei, L., Huang, M., Xiang, J., Feng, W., Zhao, Y., Xue, D., and Liu, C. (2019). Impact of Climate Change and Land-Use on the Propagation from Meteorological Drought to Hydrological Drought in the Eastern Qilian Mountains. Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11081602"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2021.108476","article-title":"GRACE-based high-resolution propagation threshold from meteorological to groundwater drought","volume":"307","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.127897","article-title":"Propagation characteristics and mechanism from meteorological to agricultural drought in various seasons","volume":"610","author":"Dai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022EF003303","DOI":"10.1029\/2022EF003303","article-title":"Multivariate Drought Monitoring, Propagation, and Projection Using Bias-Corrected General Circulation Models","volume":"11","author":"Adeyeri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Future"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.126902","article-title":"Spatial and temporal patterns of propagation from meteorological to hydrological droughts in Brazil","volume":"603","author":"Bevacqua","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4649","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-22-4649-2018","article-title":"The effect of climate type on timescales of drought propagation in an ensemble of global hydrological models","volume":"22","author":"Gevaert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Science."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2021.104593","article-title":"Linking drought propagation with episodes of climate-Induced water insecurity in Pernambuco state\u2014Northeast Brazil","volume":"193","author":"Oertel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1080\/02626667.2021.1955891","article-title":"Effect of a reservoir network on drought propagation in a semi-arid catchment in Brazil","volume":"66","author":"Costa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.127815","article-title":"Future projection of seasonal drought characteristics using CMIP6 in the Lancang-Mekong River Basin","volume":"610","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.2166\/wcc.2019.093","article-title":"Drought and flood occurrences in the Lancang River Basin during the last 60 years: Their variations and teleconnections with monsoons","volume":"11","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Water Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Song, W., and Song, W. (2020). Assessment of Agricultural Drought Risk in the Lancang-Mekong Region, South East Asia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176153"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Qu, Y., Ma, M., Liu, H., Su, Z., Lv, J., Peng, J., Leng, G., He, X., and Di, C. (2020). Satellite-Based Operational Real-Time Drought Monitoring in the Transboundary Lancang\u2013Mekong River Basin. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12030376"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.2166\/wcc.2021.445","article-title":"Relationship between meteorological and hydrological droughts in the upstream regions of the Lancang\u2013Mekong River","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Water Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2023.106913","article-title":"Meteorological and hydrological droughts in the Lancang-Mekong River Basin: Spatiotemporal patterns and propagation","volume":"293","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4349","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-4349-2021","article-title":"ERA5-Land: A state-of-the-art global reanalysis dataset for land applications","volume":"13","author":"Dutra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassler, B., and Lauer, A. (2021). Comparison of Reanalysis and Observational Precipitation Datasets Including ERA5 and WFDE5. Atmosphere, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12111462"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, X., Han, S., and Shi, C. (2021). Multiscale Assessments of Three Reanalysis Temperature Data Systems over China. Agriculture, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture11121292"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21776","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26047-8","article-title":"Evaluation of IMERG and ERA5 precipitation products over the Mongolian Plateau","volume":"12","author":"Xin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.09.002","article-title":"Global land cover mapping at 30m resolution: A POK-based operational approach","volume":"103","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Y., Liu, L., Zhang, X., Chen, X., Mi, J., and Xie, S. (2020). Consistency Analysis and Accuracy Assessment of Three Global 30-m Land-Cover Products over the European Union using the LUCAS Dataset. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12213479"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2016.1151956","article-title":"Assessing the suitability of GlobeLand30 for mapping land cover in Germany","volume":"9","author":"See","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014516","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.16.014516","article-title":"Impact of geometric misregistration in GlobeLand30 on land-cover change analysis, a case study in China","volume":"16","author":"Mi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Liu, D., Yang, W., and Zhang, W. (2018). Accuracy Assessment of GlobeLand30 2010 Land Cover over China Based on Geographically and Categorically Stratified Validation Sample Data. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10081213"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2020.1851797","article-title":"Integrating global land cover products to refine GlobeLand30 forest types: A case study of conterminous United States (CONUS)","volume":"42","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9552","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6109552","article-title":"Assessing Land Degradation and Desertification Using Vegetation Index Data: Current Frameworks and Future Directions","volume":"6","author":"Higginbottom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.04.004","article-title":"Evaluation of earth observation based long term vegetation trends\u2014Intercomparing NDVI time series trend analysis consistency of Sahel from AVHRR GIMMS, Terra MODIS and SPOT VGT data","volume":"113","author":"Fensholt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.12.015","article-title":"Evaluation of Earth Observation based global long term vegetation trends\u2014Comparing GIMMS and MODIS global NDVI time series","volume":"119","author":"Fensholt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, J., Huang, K., Lin, Y., Ren, P., and Zu, J. (2022). Assessing Vegetation Phenology across Different Biomes in Temperate China&mdash;Comparing GIMMS and MODIS NDVI Datasets. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14236180"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9496(2006)132:3(164)","article-title":"Developing Multiple Indicators and Triggers for Drought Plans","volume":"132","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Water Resour. Plan. Manag."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2014.11.012","article-title":"A generalized framework for deriving nonparametric standardized drought indicators","volume":"76","author":"Farahmand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Water Resour."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2014.10.059","article-title":"Hydrological drought severity explained by climate and catchment characteristics","volume":"526","author":"Laaha","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JD033959","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JD033959","article-title":"Characteristics of Propagation From Meteorological Drought to Hydrological Drought in the Pearl River Basin","volume":"126","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2018.04.038","article-title":"Reference evapotranspiration forecasting based on local meteorological and global climate information screened by partial mutual information","volume":"561","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.125287","article-title":"Identifying drought propagation by simultaneously considering linear and nonlinear dependence in the Wei River basin of the Loess Plateau, China","volume":"591","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.5194\/npg-11-561-2004","article-title":"Application of the cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence to geophysical time series","volume":"11","author":"Grinsted","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nonlinear Process. Geophysics."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2018.04.015","article-title":"Spatial-temporal changes of rainfall erosivity in the loess plateau, China: Changing patterns, causes and implications","volume":"166","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.11484","article-title":"Analysing the influences of ENSO and PDO on water discharge from the Yangtze River into the sea","volume":"32","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2019.104743","article-title":"Investigation to the relation between meteorological drought and hydrological drought in the upper Shaying River Basin using wavelet analysis","volume":"234","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2019.107809","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of agricultural drought propagation process in the Yangtze River Basin by using cross wavelet analysis and spatial autocorrelation","volume":"280","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2010.03.014","article-title":"Variable selection using random forests","volume":"31","author":"Genuer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aldrich, C. (2020). Process Variable Importance Analysis by Use of Random Forests in a Shapley Regression Framework. Minerals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/min10050420"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153030","article-title":"Evaluation of the impacts of human activities on propagation from meteorological drought to hydrological drought in the Weihe River Basin, China","volume":"819","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wace.2022.100505","article-title":"Spatiotemporal characteristics of meteorological to hydrological drought propagation under natural conditions in China","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Weather Clim. Extrem."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palanisamy, B., Narasimhan, B., Paul, S., Srinivasan, R., Wangpimool, W., Lim, S., and Sayasane, R. (2021). Studying Onset and Evolution of Agricultural Drought in Mekong River Basin through Hydrologic Modeling. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13243622"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14935","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.14935","article-title":"Development and propagation of hydrologic drought from meteorological and agricultural drought in the Mekong River Basin","volume":"37","author":"Palanisamy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.129009","article-title":"Assessment of future socioeconomic drought based on CMIP6: Evolution, driving factors and propagation","volume":"617","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, K., Xu, Y., Lu, F., Sun, X., Gao, M., Han, X., Li, D., and Jiang, M. (2023). Spatio-Temporal Evolution and Propagation of Meteoro-Hydrological Drought in Yalong River Basin. Water, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/w15061025"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025004","DOI":"10.1088\/2515-7620\/ac4fb9","article-title":"Trends and drivers of recent summer drying in Switzerland","volume":"4","author":"Scherrer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wace.2023.100558","article-title":"High resolution monitoring and probabilistic prediction of meteorological drought in a Mediterranean environment","volume":"40","author":"Turco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Weather Clim. Extrem."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, S., Zhang, R., Li, L., Zhang, S., Zhang, Y., Huang, F., Li, J., and Liu, W. (2022). Assessment of Agricultural Drought Based on Reanalysis Soil Moisture in Southern China. Land, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/land11040502"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, R., Li, L., Zhang, Y., Huang, F., Li, J., Liu, W., Mao, T., Xiong, Z., and Shangguan, W. (2021). Assessment of Agricultural Drought Using Soil Water Deficit Index Based on ERA5-Land Soil Moisture Data in Four Southern Provinces of China. Agriculture, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture11050411"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032034","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/548\/3\/032034","article-title":"Comparative analysis of data on air temperature based on current weather data sets for 2007-2019","volume":"548","author":"Dergunov","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5744","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.6549","article-title":"A comprehensive evaluation of soil moisture and soil temperature from third-generation atmospheric and land reanalysis data sets","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-12-2043-2020","article-title":"GloFAS-ERA5 operational global river discharge reanalysis 1979\u2013present","volume":"12","author":"Harrigan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.128624","article-title":"Intercomparison of global ERA reanalysis products for streamflow simulations at the high-resolution continental scale","volume":"616","author":"Bain","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1080\/02626667.2019.1581365","article-title":"An observation-based method to quantify the human influence on hydrological drought: Upstream\u2013downstream comparison","volume":"64","author":"Rangecroft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-022-10400-5","article-title":"The responses of river discharge and sediment load to historical land-use\/land-cover change in the Mekong River Basin","volume":"194","author":"Sam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/24\/5678\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:36:10Z","timestamp":1760132170000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/24\/5678"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,9]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15245678"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15245678","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,9]]}}}