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The results are as follows: FY-2G satellite images showed that extremely heavy rainfall mainly occurred during the merging period of medium- and small-scale convective cloud clusters. The merging of these cloud clusters enhanced the rainfall intensity. The refined three-dimensional wind field, as retrieved by the multi-Doppler radar, revealed a prominent mesoscale vortex and convergence structure at the extreme rainfall stage. This led to echo stagnation, resulting in localized extreme heavy rainfall. We explored the formation mechanism of the notable ZDR arc feature of dual-polarization variables during this phase. It was revealed that during the record-breaking hourly rainfall event in Zhengzhou (20 July 2021, 16:00\u201317:00 Beijing Time), the warm rain process dominated. Effective collision\u2013coalescence processes, producing a high concentration of medium- to large-sized raindrops, significantly contributed to heavy rainfall at the surface. From an observational perspective, it was revealed that raindrops exhibited significant collision interactions during their descent. Moreover, a conceptual model for the kinematic and microphysical characteristics of this extreme rainfall event was established, aiming to provide technical support for monitoring and early warning of similar extreme rainfall events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15245688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T13:18:21Z","timestamp":1702300701000},"page":"5688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Kinematic and Microphysical Characteristics of Extremely Heavy Rainfall in Zhengzhou City on 20 July 2021 Observed with Dual-Polarization Radars and Disdrometers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9431-7599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Huzhou Meteorological Bureau, Huzhou 313000, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changxing Meteorological Bureau, Huzhou 313000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorological Observatory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yian","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huzhou Meteorological Bureau, Huzhou 313000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorological Observatory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanfang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huzhou Meteorological Bureau, Huzhou 313000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dandan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huzhou Meteorological Bureau, Huzhou 313000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huzhou Meteorological Bureau, Huzhou 313000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"A possible dynamic mechanism for rapid production of the extreme hourly rainfall in Zhengzhou City on 20 July 2021","volume":"6","author":"Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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