{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T10:52:12Z","timestamp":1764240732135,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study focuses on the suspended sediment delivery of 17 rivers and streams of various sizes to the sea over a wide geographical area covering most of the Greek peninsula, utilizing two Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products. Equal-area polygons (\u201cplume\u201d polygons), were delineated at the mouths of each selected river. These polygons were utilized to estimate the suspended sediment load of each river through the application of suspended sediment indices, ratios, and masks. To achieve this, 669 Level 1B MODIS images (MOD02) and their corresponding MODIS cloud products (MOD35) were downloaded and processed for a 10-water-year period (2004\u20132014). During this period of 669 days, there were 58 flood events (episodes) ranging in duration from 5 to 45 days. Relative atmospheric correction was applied to the images based on four selected bright invariant areas (PIFs) scattered along mainland Greece. The second product used in this study was MOD09Q1, an atmospherically corrected 8-day composite processed for the entire record period (2000\u20132019). Suspended sediment indices, ratios, and masks were developed using all three visible channels and near-infrared (NIR) for the MOD02 dataset, while only Red and Near-InfraRed (NIR) channels were available from the MOD09Q dataset. The resulting rankings from the remote sensing analysis were compared with the predictions of soil loss models, and the outcomes were largely consistent. While the remote sensing results can be considered as a type of experimental data or measurements, they come with inherent limitations. These include infrequent access to cloud-free data on stormy days, the influence of wind and currents, and the potential impact of dust storms originating from Africa, among others. On the other hand, soil loss models are sensitive to the parameter values used, and in some cases, the uncertainties are significant. Hence, the ranking derived from remote sensing can serve as a calibration of the models, particularly for the BQART model, which provides information on the catchment\u2019s sink capacity. An index of \u201csediment productivity per square kilometer and mm of rainfall\u201d was developed. This index can be considered a \u201csediment delivery ratio\u201d and is crucial for accurately quantifying the phenomenon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15245702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T09:15:33Z","timestamp":1702372533000},"page":"5702","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Mid-Term Monitoring of Suspended Sediment Plumes of Greek Rivers Using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Sotirios","family":"Karalis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surveying and Geoinformatics, School of Engineering, University of West Attica, Egaleo, 12241 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Geography, Harokopio University, 17676 Athens, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3355-6657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Efthimios","family":"Karymbalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Harokopio University, 17676 Athens, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6516-9929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Tsanakas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Harokopio University, 17676 Athens, Greece"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Gregory, K.J., and Walling, D.E. (1973). Drainage Basin. Form and Process: A Geomorphological Approach, Edward Arnold."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Thorne, C.R., Hey, R.D., and Newson, M.D. (1997). Applied Fluvial Geomorphology for River Engineering and Management, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3091.2009.01140.x","article-title":"The partitioning of the total sediment load of a river into suspended load and bedload: A review of empirical data","volume":"57","author":"Turowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sedimentology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, R., and Anderson, S. (2010). Geomorphology, the Mechanics and Chemistry of Landscapes, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511794827"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Walling, D.E., and Webb, B.W. (1996, January 15\u201319). Erosion and Sediment yield: A global overview. Proceedings of the Symposium Erosion and Sediment Yield: Global and Regional Perspectives, Exeter, UK."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2006.11.023","article-title":"Temporal dynamics of water and sediment exchanges between the Curua\u00ed floodplain and the Amazon River, Brazil","volume":"335","author":"Bourgoin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3207","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.7394","article-title":"Suspended sediment yields in the Amazon basin: An assessment using the Brazilian national data set","volume":"23","author":"Filizola","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.3390\/civileng4030050","article-title":"Separation of Floodplain Flow and Bankfull Discharge: Application of 1D Momentum Equation Solver and MIKE 21C","volume":"4","author":"Sarker","year":"2023","journal-title":"CivilEng"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.54740\/ros.2022.016","article-title":"The short-term and seasonal trend detection of sediment discharges in Turkish Rivers","volume":"24","author":"Burgan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rocz. Ochr. \u015arodowiska"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Q03008","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GC003380","article-title":"Grain size control of river suspended sediment geochemistry: Clues from Amazon River depth profiles","volume":"12","author":"Bouchez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charlton, R. (2007). Fundamentals of Fluvial Geomorphology, Routledge. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203371084"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-010-9313-2","article-title":"Satellite Estimates of Wide-Range Suspended Sediment Concentrations in Changjiang (Yangtze) Estuary Using MERIS Data","volume":"33","author":"Shen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Estuaries Coasts"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarker, S., Sarker, T., Leta, O.T., Raihan, S.U., Khan, I., and Ahmed, N. (2023). Understanding the Planform Complexity and Morphodynamic Properties of Brahmaputra River in Bangladesh: Protection and Exploitation of Riparian Areas. Water, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/w15071384"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"569","article-title":"Factors controlling variations in river sediment loads","volume":"88","author":"Chakrapani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2005.02.005","article-title":"Tropical rivers","volume":"70","author":"Latrubesse","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2008.03.001","article-title":"Climatic and anthropogenic factors affecting river discharge to the global ocean, 1951\u20132000","volume":"62","author":"Milliman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.20502\/rbg.v23i1.2076","article-title":"Suspended sediment transport estimation in Negro River (Amazon Basin) using MSI\/Sentinel-2 data","volume":"23","author":"Marinho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Geomorfol."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Pacific Southwest Inter Agency Committee (PSIAC) (1968). Factors Affecting Sediment Yield in the Pacific Southwest Area and Selection and Evaluation of Measures for Reduction of Erosion and Sediment Yield, Water Management Subcommitte on American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). Report No. HY 12."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"47","article-title":"Prediction Rainfall Erosion Losses from Cropland East of the Rocky Mountains: A Guide for Selection of Practices for Soil and Water Conservation","volume":"282","author":"Wischmeier","year":"1965","journal-title":"Agric. Handb."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Wischmeier, W.H., and Smith, D.D. (1978). Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses: A Guide to Conservation Planning."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Renard, K., Foster, G., Weesies, G., McCool, D., and Yoder, D. (1997). Predicting Soil Erosion by Water: A Guide to Conservation Planning with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE)."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2015.08.012","article-title":"The new assessment of soil loss by water erosion in Europe","volume":"54","author":"Panagos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/628741","article-title":"World-wide delivery of river sediment to the oceans","volume":"91","author":"Milliman","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Geol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1086\/629606","article-title":"Geomorphic\/tectonic control of sediment discharge to the ocean: The importance of small mountainous rivers","volume":"100","author":"Milliman","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Geol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"3","article-title":"Controls on sediment supply by large rivers","volume":"59","author":"Hovius","year":"1998","journal-title":"SEPM Spec. Publ. Soc. Sediment. Geol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.2475\/ajs.298.4.265","article-title":"River sediment discharge to the oceans: Present-day controls and global budgets","volume":"298","author":"Ludwig","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beusen, A.H.W., Dekkers, A.L.M., Bouwman, A.F., Ludwig, W., and Harrison, J. (2005). Estimation of global river transport of sediments and associated particulate C, N, and P. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 19.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GB002453"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1824","article-title":"Geology, Geography, and Humans Battle for Dominance over the Delivery of Fluvial Sediment to the Coastal Ocean","volume":"115","author":"Syvitski","year":"2007","journal-title":"VIMS Artic."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2003.1379","article-title":"Global analysis of river systems: From earth system controls to Anthropocene syndromes","volume":"358","author":"Meybeck","year":"2003","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1109454","article-title":"Impact of humans on the flux of terrestrial sediment to the global coastal ocean","volume":"308","author":"Syvitski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doxaran, D., Bustamante, J., Dogliotti, A.I., Malthus, T.J., and Senechal, N. (2019). Editorial for the Special Issue Remote Sensing in Coastal Zone Monitoring and Management\u2014How Can Remote Sensing Challenge the Broad Spectrum of Temporal and Spatial Scales in Coastal Zone Dynamic?. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11091028"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"01","DOI":"10.22271\/27067483.2019.v1.i1a.11","article-title":"A review paper on \u2018Remote sensing studies in coastal zone management: A new perspective","volume":"2","author":"Narshivudu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Geog. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marghany, M. (2016). Appied Studies of Coastal and Marine Environments, Intech Open.","DOI":"10.5772\/60743"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, A. (2007). Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management, John Wiley and Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470723722"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milliman, J.D., and Farnsworth, K. (2011). River Discharge to the Coastal Ocean\u2014A Global Synthesis, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511781247"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"0963","article-title":"Experimental evidence for statistical scaling and intermittency in sediment transport rates","volume":"114","author":"Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101001","DOI":"10.1088\/2515-7620\/ac9459","article-title":"Analyzing the critical locations in response of constructed and planned dams on the Mekong River Basin for environmental integrity","volume":"4","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.07.012","article-title":"Using MODIS Terra 250 m imagery to map concentrations of total suspended matter in coastal waters","volume":"93","author":"Miller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.08.007","article-title":"Assessment of estuarine water-quality indicators using MODIS medium-resolution bands: Initial results from Tampa Bay, FL","volume":"93","author":"Hu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02837889","article-title":"Temporal and spatial changes of suspended sediment concentration and resuspension in the Yangtze River estuary","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2008.09.012","article-title":"Characterising observed patterns of suspended particulate matter and relationships with oc\u00e9anographie and meteorological variables: Studies in Liverpool Bay","volume":"24","author":"Krivtsov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gholizadeh, M.H., Melesse, A.M., and Reddi, L. (2016). A Comprehensive Review on Water Quality Parameters Estimation Using Remote Sensing Techniques. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16081298"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Acker, J., Quillon, S., Gould, R., and Arnore, R. (2005, January 17\u201319). Measuring marine suspended sediment concentrations from space: History and potential. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Remote Sensing for Marine and Coastal Environments, Halifax, NS, Canada."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"985","article-title":"Discharge estimation of branched flow in delta region using MODIS reflectance data","volume":"74","author":"Vu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Soc. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-013-1171-3","article-title":"Applying artificial neural networks to estimate suspended sediment concentrations along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea using MODIS images","volume":"8","author":"Moridnejad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3725","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-020-02577-6","article-title":"Estimation of Suspended Sediment Concentration by M5 Model Tree Based on Hydrological and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Data","volume":"34","author":"Zahiri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daqamseh, S.T., Al-Fugara, A., Pradhan, B., Al-Oraiqat, A., and Habib, M. (2019). MODIS Derived Sea Surface Salinity, Temperature, and Chlorophyll-a Data for Potential Fish Zone Mapping: West Red Sea Coastal Areas, Saudi Arabia. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19092069"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"798","article-title":"Assessment of Suspended Sediment concentration in surface waters, using MODIS images","volume":"7","author":"Reza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"36","article-title":"Using MODIS 250 m imagery to estimate total suspended sediment in a tropical open bay","volume":"3","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Appl. Eng. Dev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2713","DOI":"10.3390\/rs2122713","article-title":"Using the Surface Reflectance MODIS Terra Product to Estimate Turbidity in Tampa Bay, Florida","volume":"2","author":"Rickman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2009.12.007","article-title":"Estimating turbidity and total suspended matter in the Adour River plume (South bay of Biscay) using MODIS 250-m imagery","volume":"30","author":"Petus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.11.057","article-title":"Estimation of suspended sediment concentrations using Terra MODIS: An example from the Lower Yangtze River, China","volume":"408","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.09.017","article-title":"MODIS imagery of turbid plumes in San Diego coastal waters during rainstorm events","volume":"114","author":"Lahet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sen. Environ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2018.11.007","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variation of the suspended sediment concentration in the Pearl River Estuary observed by MODIS during 2003\u20132015","volume":"172","author":"Zhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.08.003","article-title":"Observation of a turbid plume using MODIS Imagery: The case of Douro estuary (Portugal)","volume":"154","author":"Mendes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.12681\/mms.844","article-title":"The influence of the Guadalquivir River on spatio-temporal variability in the pelagic ecosystem of the Eastern Gulf of Cadiz","volume":"15","author":"Caballero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediterr. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.03.010","article-title":"Seasonal variability of turbid river plumes off central Chile based on high-resolution MODIS imagery","volume":"123","author":"Sobarzo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2008.07.012","article-title":"Stormwater plume detection by MODIS imagery in the southern California coastal ocean","volume":"80","author":"Nezlin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2015.11.009","article-title":"Estimation of water turbidity and analysis of its spatio-temporal variability in the Danube River plume (Black Sea) using MODIS satellite data","volume":"112","author":"Constantin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JC010155","article-title":"Monitoring the spreading of the Amazon freshwater plume by MODIS, SMOS, Aquarius, and TOPAZ","volume":"120","author":"Korosov","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6620","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JC014159","article-title":"Mississippi River Plume Variability in the Gulf of Mexico From SMAP and MODIS-Aqua Obse2018rvations","volume":"123","author":"Castelao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L07607","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL037210","article-title":"Satellite observations of flood-driven Mississippi River plume in the spring of 2008","volume":"36","author":"Shi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.11.020","article-title":"Monitoring the river plume induced by heavy rainfall events in large, shallow, Lake Taihu using MODIS 250 m imagery","volume":"173","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2013.11.050","article-title":"Using MODIS data for mapping of water types within river plumes in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia: Towards the production of river plume risk maps for reef and seagrass ecosystems","volume":"137","author":"Petus","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-6-1-2012","article-title":"Hydrologic controls on coastal suspended sediment plumes around the Greenland Ice Sheet","volume":"6","author":"Chu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-8-1161-2014","article-title":"MODIS observed increase in duration and spatial extent of sediment plumes in Greenland fjords","volume":"8","author":"Hudson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"180","article-title":"Operative Monitoring of the Extent of Dredging Plumes in Coastal Ecosystems Using MODIS Satellite Imagery","volume":"SI 50","author":"Kutser","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.10.019","article-title":"Remote sensing of suspended sediment concentration and hydrologic connectivity in a complex wetland environment","volume":"129","author":"Long","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.111768","article-title":"Robust algorithm for estimating total suspended solids (TSS) in inland and nearshore coastal waters","volume":"246","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adjovu, G.E., Stephen, H., James, D., and Ahmad, S. (2023). Overview of the Application of Remote Sensing in Effective Monitoring of Water Quality Parameters. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15071938"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(00)00679-3","article-title":"Comparison of remote sensing data, model results and in situ data for total suspended matter (TSM) in the southern Frisian lakes","volume":"268","author":"Dekker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2018.08.035","article-title":"Models for sediment yield in mountainous Greek catchments","volume":"322","author":"Karalis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s005310050290","article-title":"Transport of terrestrial organic carbon to the oceans by rivers: Re-estimating flux- and burial rates","volume":"88","author":"Schlunz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karymbalis, E., Tsanakas, K., Tsodoulos, I., Gaki-Papanastassiou, K., Papanastassiou, D., Batzakis, D.V., and Stamoulis, K. (2022). Late Quaternary Marine Terraces and Tectonic Uplift Rates of the Broader Neapolis Area (SE Peloponnese, Greece). J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse10010099"},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"(2022, March 07). Climatic Altas of Greece. Available online: https:\/\/www.getmap.eu\/project\/climatic-altas-of-greece\/?lang=en."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Poulos, S., and Chronis, G. (1997). Transformations and Evolution of the Mediterranean Coastline, Bulletin de I\u2019 Institut Oc\u00e9anographique. No Special 18."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Zarris, D., Lykoudi, E., and Panagoulia, D. (2006). Assessment of Hydrologic Catchments\u2019 Sediment Yield by Comparative Analyses of Hydrologic and Geomorphologic Parameters, Final Report of \u201cPROTAGORAS\u201d Project (in Greek)."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1127\/zfg\/40\/1996\/243","article-title":"Water-sediment fluxes from Greek rivers, southeastern Alpine Europe: Annual yields, seasonal variability, delta formation and human impact","volume":"40","author":"Poulos","year":"1996","journal-title":"Z. Geomorphol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasan, M.U., Drakou, E.G., Karymbalis, E., Tragaki, A., Gallousi, C., and Liquete, C. (2023). Modelling and Mapping Coastal Protection: Adapting an EU-Wide Model to National Specificities. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15010260"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/02723646.2020.1762960","article-title":"Physio-geographical characteristics of the marine regions and their catchment areas of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea marine system","volume":"42","author":"Poulos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soukisian, T., Hatzinaki, M., Korres, G., Papadopoulos, A., Kallos, G., and Anadranistakis, E. (2007). Wave and Wind Atlas of the Hellenic Seas, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research Publ.","DOI":"10.1115\/OMAE2008-57082"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Sydow, A. (2009). Environmental Systems in Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), EOLSS Publisher. Developed under the Auspices of the UNESCO."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1006\/ecss.1994.1058","article-title":"Tidal oscillations in the Aegean and Ionian Seas","volume":"39","author":"Tsimplis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1127\/zfg\/2021\/0719","article-title":"Estimating total sediment transport in a small, mountainous torrent, Vouraikos River, NW Peloponnese, Greece","volume":"63","author":"Karalis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Z. Geomorphol."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Pendergrass, A., and National Center for Atmospheric Research Staff (2022, March 22). The Climate Data Guide: GPCP (Daily): Global Precipitation Climatology Project. Last Modified 02 July 2016. Available online: https:\/\/climatedataguide.ucar.edu\/climate-data\/gpcp-daily-global-precipitation-climatology-project."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1127\/zfg\/2021\/0730","article-title":"Assessment of the sensitivity of Zakynthos Island (Ionian Sea, Western Greece) to climate change-induced coastal hazards","volume":"63","author":"Zampazas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Z. Geomorphol."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Tempfi, K., Kerle, N., Huurneman, G., and Jansen, L. (2009). Principles of Remote Sensing, The International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC)."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1007\/s40808-016-0176-9","article-title":"An investigation into the effectiveness of relative and absolute atmospheric correction for retrieval the TSM concentration in inland waters","volume":"2","author":"Bernardo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Model. Earth Syst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Ruddick, K., Nechad, B., Neukermans, G., Park, Y., Doxaran, D., Sirjacobs, D., and Beckers, J.-M. (2008, January 6\u201310). Remote Sensing of Suspended Particulate Matter in Turbid Waters: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Proceedings of the CDROM Ocean Optics XIX conference, Barga, Italy."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3211","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JC000882","article-title":"Variations in the light absorption coefficients of phytoplankton, nonalgal particles, and dissolved organic matter in coastal waters around Europe","volume":"108","author":"Babin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schultz, G.A., and Engman, E.T. (2000). Remote Sensing in Hydrology and Water Management, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-59583-7"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(92)90137-9","article-title":"Remote Sensing of Lake Chicot, Arkansas: Monitoring Suspended sediments, Turbidity and Secchi depth with LANDSAT MSS data","volume":"39","author":"Harrington","year":"1992","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049809354637","article-title":"Estimation of Suspended Sediment Concentration in Water Using Integrated Surface Reflectance","volume":"13","author":"Lodhi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.42.002623","article-title":"Remote-sensing reflectance of turbid sediment-dominated waters. Reduction of sediment type variations and changing illumination conditions effects by use of reflectance ratios","volume":"42","author":"Doxaran","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Hossain, A., Chao, X., and Jia, Y. (2010, January 12\u201316). Development of Remote Sensing based index for Estimating\/Mapping Suspended Sediment Concentration in River and Lake Environments. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on ECOHYDRAULICS (ISE 2010), Seoul, Republic of Korea. Paper No. 0435."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Montalvo, L. (2010). Spectral Analysis of Suspended Material in Coastal Waters: A Comparison between Band Math Equations, Departement of Geology University of Puerto Rico."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169608948714","article-title":"The use of the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) in the delineation of open water features","volume":"17","author":"McFeetwes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.810227","article-title":"Remote Sensing of Suspended Sediments and Shallow Coastal Waters","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20150202","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2015.0202","article-title":"Principal Component Analysis: A review and recent developments","volume":"374","author":"Jolliffe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phill. Trans. R. Soc. A"},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"209","article-title":"Characterization of water reflectance spectra variability: Implications for hyperspectral remote sensing in estuarine waters","volume":"4","author":"Fan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2051019","article-title":"A Review on Toxic and Harmful Algae in Greek Coastal Waters (E. Mediterranean Sea)","volume":"2","author":"Ignatiades","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-1395-2013","article-title":"African dust outbreaks over the Mediterranean Basin during 2001-2011: PM10 concentrations, phenomenology and trends, and its relation with synoptic and mesoscale meteorology","volume":"13","author":"Pey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"Theodosi, C., Zoubali, C., and Hatzianastassiou, N. (2011, January 7\u20139). Interannual variability of dust over the Eastern Mediterranean. Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Sand\/Dust Storms and Associated Dustfall, Athens, Greece."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.05.017","article-title":"Study on an intense dust storm over Greece","volume":"42","author":"Kaskaoutis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.136693","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variability of desert dust storms in Eastern Mediterranean (Crete, Cyprus, Israel) between 2006 and 2017 using a uniform methodology","volume":"714","author":"Achilleos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"Morales, C. (1979). Saharan Dust: Mobilization, Transport, Deposition (SCOPE Report 14), Wiley."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D07201","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD012500","article-title":"Increasing trend of African dust, over 49 years, in the eastern Mediterranean","volume":"115","author":"Ganor","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_108","unstructured":"Foster, I.D.L., and Webb, B.W. (1995). Sediment and Water Quality in River Catchments, John Willey and Sons Ltd."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1127\/0372-8854\/2012\/S-00072","article-title":"An integrated study for the evaluation of natural and anthropogenic causes of flooding in small catchments based on geomorphological and meteorological data and modeling techniques: The case of the Xerias torrent (Corinth, Greece)","volume":"56","author":"Karymbalis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Z. F\u00fcr Geomorphol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s11707-016-0577-0","article-title":"Late Quaternary rates of stream incision in Northeast Peloponnese, Greece","volume":"10","author":"Karymbalis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2015.04.080","article-title":"Baroclinic circulation in the Gulf of Patras (Greece)","volume":"104","author":"Fourniotis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1080\/17445647.2016.1153356","article-title":"Geomorphology of the Pinios River delta, Greece","volume":"12","author":"Karymbalis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Maps"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1127\/zfg\/48\/2004\/201","article-title":"Geomorphic evolution of the fan delta of the Evinos river in western Greece and human impacts in the last 150 years","volume":"48","author":"Maroukian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Z. F\u00fcr Geomorphol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1127\/zfg\/2021\/0684","article-title":"Long-term spatial and temporal shoreline changes of the Evinos River delta, Gulf of Patras, Western Greece","volume":"63","author":"Karymbalis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Z. Geomorphol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.12.005","article-title":"Water and sediment ransport modeling of a large temporary river basin in Greece","volume":"508","author":"Gamvroudis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/24\/5702\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:37:26Z","timestamp":1760132246000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/24\/5702"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15245702"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15245702","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]}}}