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the Jichang rockslide was used as a case. The calibrated simulation result of the FDEM in a rockslide deposit corresponds well with the real rockslide deposit. The main run-out process of the rockslide lasts for 75 s and can be divided into acceleration and deceleration stages, which last for 33 s and 42 s, respectively. The maximum overall rockslide movement speed is 35 m\/s while the partial sliding mass reaches 45 m\/s. The fracturing, fragmentation, and disintegration processes of the sliding mass can be clearly observed from the dynamic scenarios. Fracture energy generated by rock fracturing constantly increases with time in a non-linear form. Of the total fracture energy, 54% is released in the initial 5 s because of fracturing, and 39% of the total fracture energy is released because of fragmentation and disintegration in the last 35 s. The accumulated friction energy increases in the whole run-out process, and its magnitude is much greater than the kinetic energy and fracture energy of the sliding mass.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15245708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T04:14:42Z","timestamp":1702440882000},"page":"5708","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Dynamic Analysis of a Long Run-Out Rockslide Considering Dynamic Fragmentation Behavior in Jichang Town: Insights from the Three-Dimensional Coupled Finite-Discrete Element Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Chun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"},{"name":"Failure Mechanics and Engineering Disaster Prevention, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhipeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiding","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Hydraulic and Waterway Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and Earth Surface Process, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Po","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and Earth Surface Process, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Hydraulic and Waterway Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2375-8821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Failure Mechanics and Engineering Disaster Prevention, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenbing","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingbing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zienkiewicz Institute for Modelling, Data and AI, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Voight, B. 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