{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T18:16:35Z","timestamp":1770833795763,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Space Agency (ESA) within the project \u201cA quantum-secured autonomous communication link for autonomous shipping\u2014a feasibility study\u201d","award":["ESA-AO16373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ESA-AO16373"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, the concept of autonomous navigation systems has gained substantial significance, with the potential to change the traditional concept of autonomous navigation. The presented numerical simulation investigates the feasibility of a ship\u2019s autonomous navigation system through a laser communication infrastructure handled by a two-degrees-of-freedom (DoFs) acquisition, tracking and pointing (ATP) system able to enable ship\u2013satellite data transmission. The methodology introduced presents the geometrical and kinematic delineation of the model, coupled with the implemented control system, aimed at assessing the pointing accuracy. The minimum requested pointing accuracy is 100 \u00b5rad and the analysis highlights the need of using methodologies to reduce the pointing error. Two approaches are investigated to examine a possible improvement of the system, and results show that the pointing phase is influenced less by ship motions and more by errors that occur during the satellite\u2019s positioning and the ship motion acquisition process. A trade-off in choosing parameters to improve the system\u2019s accuracy leads to a satellite\u2019s first targeting time of 0.25 s alongside the probability of hitting the target once every 0.0013 s. The reliability of the system is evaluated through a brief sizing of the optical electromechanical component of the system using the trade-off parameters chosen to improve the pointing phase accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15245729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T08:12:57Z","timestamp":1702627977000},"page":"5729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Development of a Numerical Simulation Model to Support the Design of a Ship\u2013Satellite Communication System for Autonomous Marine Navigation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9690-6223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Del Mondo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Alfonso Valerio 6\/1, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5563-9595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Seriani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Alfonso Valerio 6\/1, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Gallina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Alfonso Valerio 6\/1, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Gregorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Via A. Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}]},{"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Taccani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Alfonso Valerio 6\/1, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, J., Sun, W., Li, Y., and Hu, J. (2023). A Receding Horizon Navigation and Control System for Autonomous Merchant Ships: Reducing Fuel Costs and Carbon Emissions under the Premise of Safety. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse11010127"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.25944\/znmwse.2021.03.155163","article-title":"Autonomous shipping. The future of the maritime industry?","volume":"51","author":"Wasilewski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zesz. Nauk. Ma\u0142opolskiej Wy\u017cszej Szk. Ekon. 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