{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T21:09:03Z","timestamp":1775164143909,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program","award":["2019QZKK0104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0104"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program","award":["42175090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42175090"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program","award":["U2342215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2342215"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program","award":["QYXTZX- NQ2023-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QYXTZX- NQ2023-01"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019QZKK0104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42175090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42175090"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U2342215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2342215"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["QYXTZX- NQ2023-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QYXTZX- NQ2023-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Regional Collaborative Innovation Project of Science and Technology of Tibet Autonomous Region","award":["2019QZKK0104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0104"]}]},{"name":"Regional Collaborative Innovation Project of Science and Technology of Tibet Autonomous Region","award":["42175090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42175090"]}]},{"name":"Regional Collaborative Innovation Project of Science and Technology of Tibet Autonomous Region","award":["U2342215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2342215"]}]},{"name":"Regional Collaborative Innovation Project of Science and Technology of Tibet Autonomous Region","award":["QYXTZX- NQ2023-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QYXTZX- NQ2023-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the location accuracy distribution of the lightning detection networks (LDNs) deployed on inclined terrains, an aspect frequently encountered in complex terrains but hitherto disregarded in previous studies. By designing eight substation LDNs deployed on slope-type (ST), mountain-type (MT) and basin-type (BT) terrains, respectively, we employed Monte Carlo simulations to analyze their spatial location accuracy distribution based on time-of-arrival technology. Significant differences among the LDNs on inclined terrains and between them and the LDN on plain-type (PT) terrain were revealed. Compared to the PT LDN, LDNs on inclined terrains exhibited a reduction in high-precision location regions and a shift in the distribution pattern of location accuracy. The ST LDN showed marked deviations in the high-precision vertical location toward the lower slope side with increases in the elevation angle and consistently smaller high-precision vertical location areas compared to MT and BT LDNs. The variations in elevation angles of MT and BT LDNs had a substantial impact on the spatial distribution patterns of both horizontal and vertical location accuracy, with BT LDNs featuring larger vertical high-precision areas than MT LDNs. Our conclusions were further corroborated through an analysis of an actual LDN, which combined characteristics from both ST and MT terrain patterns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15245733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T08:12:57Z","timestamp":1702627977000},"page":"5733","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Significant Location Accuracy Changes Resulting from Lightning Detection Networks Deployed on Inclined Terrains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yun","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences\/Key Laboratory of Lightning, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1880-3296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences\/Key Laboratory of Lightning, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7573-424X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yijun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences\/Key Laboratory of Lightning, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5973-8964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences\/Key Laboratory of Lightning, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Xianggui","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naqu Meteorological Service, Naqu 852000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8434-6655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weitao","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences\/Key Laboratory of Lightning, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1218-9704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenjuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences\/Key Laboratory of Lightning, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3448","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2000)013<3448:LCADIT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Lightning casualties and damages in the United States from 1959\u20131994","volume":"13","author":"Curran","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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