{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T02:26:15Z","timestamp":1768530375726,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42030612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030612"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dust plays a very important role in the Earth\u2019s climate system by its direct and indirect effects. Deserts in northwestern China contribute a large amount of dust particles, both inland and outside, while the vertical distribution and transport mechanism of dust still have many uncertainties. Using Level 3 cloud-free monthly aerosol products of the Cloud\u2013Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) system from 2007 to 2020, we analyzed the spatial and temporal variations and transport features for dust and polluted dust aerosols over China and the surrounding areas. The results show that the Taklimakan Desert (TD) and the Thar Desert (TRD) always act as the high-value centers of dust optical depth (DOD), while the centers of polluted dust optical depth (PDOD) are located in eastern China, the Sichuan Basin and the Indian subcontinent. The DOD shows an increasing trend in most areas, while the PDOD presents a significant decrease and increase in eastern China and central India, respectively. The largest DOD appears in spring over the TD and the Gobi Desert (GD), while the largest DOD in summer is over the TRD. Although most dusts in the TD and TRD are concentrated below 4 km, they may be higher over the TD. Most of the polluted dusts are confined to under 2 km. The dust input to the Tibetan Plateau (TP) could come from both the TD and TRD and occurs mostly in spring and summer, respectively. The polluted dusts of South Asia and the Indian subcontinent are mostly contained in the boundary layer in winter, but they could extend much higher in spring and summer, which favors their transport into southwestern China. The dust layer shows apparent seasonality. Its top reaches a higher level in spring and summer, while the base stays at a similar height in all seasons. The dust layer appears to be the thickest in spring over most areas, while the thickest layer in summer is over the TD and TRD. The polluted dust layer is thickest in the Indian subcontinent in spring. The overlapping of dust and polluted dust layers present different patterns in different regions, which suggests diverse mixture processes of dusts and pollutants. Finally, we compared and found different influences of meteorological factors, such as wind field, boundary layer height and precipitation, on the variations in DOD and PDOD over dust sources and other areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15245734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T08:12:57Z","timestamp":1702627977000},"page":"5734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Three-Dimensional Distribution and Transport Features of Dust and Polluted Dust over China and Surrounding Areas from CALIPSO"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Yudi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Zixu","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Jianming","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Tianyang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1064034","article-title":"Aerosols, Climate, and the Hydrological Cycle","volume":"294","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021GL097006","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL097006","article-title":"Distinct Diurnal Cycle of Supercooled Water Cloud Fraction Dominated by Dust Extinction Coefficient","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014034","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/8\/1\/014034","article-title":"Multiscale Periodicities in Aerosol Optical Depth over India","volume":"8","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GL015357","article-title":"Detection of Aerosol Types over the East China Sea near Japan from Four-Channel Satellite Data","volume":"29","author":"Higurashi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D10S14","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD004874","article-title":"Development of Global Aerosol Models Using Cluster Analysis of Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Measurements","volume":"110","author":"Omar","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156834","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Nature of Summertime Aerosols over South Asia","volume":"842","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-5-73-2012","article-title":"Aerosol Classification Using Airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar Measurements\u2014Methodology and Examples","volume":"5","author":"Burton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.07.062","article-title":"Trans-Pacific Transport of Dust Aerosols from East Asia: Insights Gained from Multiple Observations and Modeling","volume":"230","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13817","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-13817-2020","article-title":"The Characterization of Taklamakan Dust Properties Using a Multiwavelength Raman Polarization Lidar in Kashi, China","volume":"20","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14559","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-14559-2017","article-title":"Long-Term Profiling of Mineral Dust and Pollution Aerosol with Multiwavelength Polarization Raman Lidar at the Central Asian Site of Dushanbe, Tajikistan: Case Studies","volume":"17","author":"Hofer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4695","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-4695-2020","article-title":"Long-Term Profiling of Aerosol Light Extinction, Particle Mass, Cloud Condensation Nuclei, and Ice-Nucleating Particle Concentration over Dushanbe, Tajikistan, in Central Asia","volume":"20","author":"Hofer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2022.112906","article-title":"New Insights into the Asian Dust Cycle Derived from CALIPSO Lidar Measurements","volume":"272","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143714","article-title":"Identifying a Transport Mechanism of Dust Aerosols over South Asia to the Tibetan Plateau: A Case Study","volume":"758","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2023.106939","article-title":"Diurnal Vertical Distribution and Transport of Dust Aerosol over and around Tibetan Plateau from Lidar on International Space Station","volume":"294","author":"Xiong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11360","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50599","article-title":"Aerosol Particles at a High-Altitude Site on the Southeast Tibetan Plateau, China","volume":"118","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28041","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD02300","article-title":"Dust Emission from Chinese Desert Sources Linked to Variations in Atmospheric Circulation","volume":"102","author":"Zhang","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2006.02.012","article-title":"Modeling Mineral Dust Emissions from Chinese and Mongolian Deserts","volume":"52","author":"Laurent","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2018.05.038","article-title":"Application of Satellite Observations in Conjunction with Aerosol Reanalysis to Characterize Long-Range Transport of African and Asian Dust on Air Quality in the Contiguous U.S","volume":"187","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12065","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-12065-2015","article-title":"The Regional Distribution Characteristics of Aerosol Optical Depth over the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158459","article-title":"Emission, Transport, Deposition, Chemical and Radiative Impacts of Mineral Dust during Severe Dust Storm Periods in March 2021 over East Asia","volume":"852","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D13","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JD017219","article-title":"Numerical Simulation of Spatial-temporal Distribution of Dust Aerosol and Its Direct Radiative Effects on East Asian Climate","volume":"117","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18167","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900668","article-title":"Interactive Soil Dust Aerosol Model in the GISS GCM: 1. Sensitivity of the Soil Dust Cycle to Radiative Properties of Soil Dust Aerosols","volume":"106","author":"Perlwitz","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2551.1","article-title":"Effect of Direct Radiative Forcing of Asian Dust on the Meteorological Fields in East Asia during an Asian Dust Event Period","volume":"46","author":"Ahn","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeolia.2020.100579","article-title":"Characteristics of Dust Devil and Its Dust Emission in Northern Margin of the Taklimakan Desert","volume":"44","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aeolian Res."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Kai, K., Tsunematsu, N., Matsumoto, T., Zhou, H., Hu, S., Nagai, T., Matsumura, T., and Abo, M. (2004, January 12\u201316). Vertical Structure of the Dust Layer and Middle-Level Clouds over the Taklamakan Desert by LIDAR. Proceedings of the 22nd Internation Laser Radar Conference (ILRC 2004), Matera, Italy."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D23212","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD010620","article-title":"Long-Range Transport and Vertical Structure of Asian Dust from CALIPSO and Surface Measurements during PACDEX","volume":"113","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v35i3.14594","article-title":"The Transport and Spacial Scale of Asian Dust-Storm Clouds: A Case Study of the Dust-Storm Event of April 1979","volume":"35","author":"Iwasaka","year":"1983","journal-title":"Tellus B"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160230","article-title":"Environmental Impacts of Three Asian Dust Events in the Northern China and the Northwestern Pacific in Spring 2021","volume":"859","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007JD008476","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD008476","article-title":"Lidar Measurements of Asian Dust Storms and Dust Cloud Interactions","volume":"112","author":"Nee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.05.048","article-title":"Characterizing a Persistent Asian Dust Transport Event: Optical Properties and Impact on Air Quality through the Ground-Based and Satellite Measurements over Nanjing, China","volume":"115","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2022.119238","article-title":"Mega Asian Dust Event over China on 27\u201331 March 2021 Observed with Space-Borne Instruments and Ground-Based Polarization Lidar","volume":"285","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103\u20131-103\u2013104","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GL014051","article-title":"Indirect Climate Forcing over the Western US from Asian Dust Storms","volume":"29","author":"Sassen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo583","article-title":"Asian Dust Transported One Full Circuit around the Globe","volume":"2","author":"Uno","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1175\/2010BAMS3009.1","article-title":"The CALIPSO Mission: A Global 3D View of Aerosols and Clouds","volume":"91","author":"Winker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winker, D.M., Hunt, W.H., and Hostetler, C.A. (2004, January 4). Status and Performance of the CALIOP Lidar. Proceedings of the Laser Radar Techniques for Atmospheric Sensing, Maspalomas, Canary Islands, Spain.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.571955"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11398","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD021796","article-title":"Climate Effects of Dust Aerosols over East Asian Arid and Semiarid Regions","volume":"119","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4849","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-4849-2021","article-title":"Aerosol Characteristics at the Three Poles of the Earth as Characterized by Cloud\u2013Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"D7","article-title":"Mixing of Asian Dust with Pollution Aerosol and the Transformation of Aerosol Components during the Dust Storm over China in Spring 2007","volume":"115","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4572","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50407","article-title":"Seasonal and Diurnal Variations of Aerosol Extinction Profile and Type Distribution from CALIPSO 5-year Observations","volume":"118","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4129","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-4129-2018","article-title":"CALIPSO Lidar Level 3 Aerosol Profile Product: Version 3 Algorithm Design","volume":"11","author":"Tackett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3345","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-3345-2013","article-title":"The Global 3-D Distribution of Tropospheric Aerosols as Characterized by CALIOP","volume":"13","author":"Winker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2022.118986","article-title":"The CALIPSO Retrieved Spatiotemporal and Vertical Distributions of AOD and Extinction Coefficient for Different Aerosol Types during 2007\u20132019: A Recent Perspective over Global and Regional Scales","volume":"274","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.09.062","article-title":"The Washing Effect of Precipitation on Particulate Matter and the Pollution Dynamics of Rainwater in Downtown Beijing","volume":"505","author":"Ouyang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.12.054","article-title":"Variations in Particulate Matter over Indo-Gangetic Plains and Indo-Himalayan Range during Four Field Campaigns in Winter Monsoon and Summer Monsoon: Role of Pollution Pathways","volume":"154","author":"Sen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.03.048","article-title":"Impact Assessment of Biomass Burning on Air Quality in Southeast and East Asia during BASE-ASIA","volume":"78","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-016-9051-0","article-title":"Comparison of Dust Emissions, Transport, and Deposition between the Taklimakan Desert and Gobi Desert from 2007 to 2011","volume":"60","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, Y., Wang, T., Tan, R., Tang, J., Wang, C., He, S., Dong, Y., Huang, Z., and Bi, J. (2022). CALIOP-Based Quantification of Central Asian Dust Transport. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14061416"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8169","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-8169-2021","article-title":"Contribution of the World\u2019s Main Dust Source Regions to the Global Cycle of Desert Dust","volume":"21","author":"Kok","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2019.05.042","article-title":"Global Transport of Dust Emitted from Different Regions of the Sahara","volume":"214","author":"Lamancusa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2020.117670","article-title":"Distribution and Transport Characteristics of Dust Aerosol over Tibetan Plateau and Taklimakan Desert in China Using MERRA-2 and CALIPSO Data","volume":"237","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7905","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-22-7905-2022","article-title":"Record-Breaking Dust Loading during Two Mega Dust Storm Events over Northern China in March 2021: Aerosol Optical and Radiative Properties and Meteorological Drivers","volume":"22","author":"Gui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"D07207","article-title":"CALIPSO Lidar Observations of the Optical Properties of Saharan Dust: A Case Study of Long-Range Transport","volume":"113","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8749","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-8749-2014","article-title":"Investigation of the \u201cElevated Heat Pump\u201d Hypothesis of the Asian Monsoon Using Satellite Observations","volume":"14","author":"Wonsick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9464","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD030241","article-title":"Superposition of Gobi Dust and Southeast Asian Biomass Burning: The Effect of Multisource Long-Range Transport on Aerosol Optical Properties and Regional Meteorology Modification","volume":"124","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, Y., Liu, H., Chen, D., and Liu, H. (2022). Human Activity Intensity and Its Spatial-Temporal Evolution in China\u2019s Border Areas. Land, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/land11071089"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5435","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-23-5435-2023","article-title":"Understanding Day\u2013Night Differences in Dust Aerosols over the Dust Belt of North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia","volume":"23","author":"Tindan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11772","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD022280","article-title":"Characteristics of Taklimakan Dust Emission and Distribution: A Satellite and Reanalysis Field Perspective","volume":"119","author":"Ge","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-23-2421-2023","article-title":"The Impacts of Dust Aerosol and Convective Available Potential Energy on Precipitation Vertical Structure in Southeastern China as Seen from Multisource Observations","volume":"23","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schepanski, K. (2018). Transport of Mineral Dust and Its Impact on Climate. Geosciences, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences8050151"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s10651-021-00521-4","article-title":"Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Air Pollution in North China Plain","volume":"29","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Env. Ecol. Stat."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6729","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-019-04954-3","article-title":"Synergistic Effects of Synoptic Weather Patterns and Topography on Air Quality: A Case of the Sichuan Basin of China","volume":"53","author":"Ning","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2020.118145","article-title":"Seasonal Distribution and Vertical Structure of Different Types of Aerosols in Southwest China Observed from CALIOP","volume":"246","author":"Liao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2949","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-2949-2018","article-title":"Aerosol Optical Characteristics and Their Vertical Distributions under Enhanced Haze Pollution Events: Effect of the Regional Transport of Different Aerosol Types over Eastern China","volume":"18","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.418","article-title":"Five-Year Observation of Aerosol Optical Properties and Its Radiative Effects to Planetary Boundary Layer during Air Pollution Episodes in North China: Intercomparison of a Plain Site and a Mountainous Site in Beijing","volume":"674","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s40726-019-00107-6","article-title":"Understanding of Aerosol\u2013Climate Interactions in China: Aerosol Impacts on Solar Radiation, Temperature, Cloud, and Precipitation and Its Changes Under Future Climate and Emission Scenarios","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Pollut. Rep"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2022.104216","article-title":"Aerosol-Cloud Interactions over the Tibetan Plateau: An Overview","volume":"234","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.09.032","article-title":"Linkages between Aerosol Pollution and Planetary Boundary Layer Structure in China","volume":"650","author":"Miao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2022.106097","article-title":"Temperature Inversions in the Lower Troposphere over the Sichuan Basin, China: Seasonal Feature and Relation with Regional Atmospheric Circulations","volume":"271","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2018.10.007","article-title":"A Modelling Study of the Terrain Effects on Haze Pollution in the Sichuan Basin","volume":"196","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"991","article-title":"Research on the Development of the Deep Atmospheric Boundary Layer, Turbulent Motion, and Dust Stagnation","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151953","article-title":"How Do Aerosols above the Residual Layer Affect the Planetary Boundary Layer Height?","volume":"814","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14873","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-14873-2020","article-title":"The Warming Tibetan Plateau Improves Winter Air Quality in the Sichuan Basin, China","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121440","article-title":"The Feedback Effects of Aerosols from Different Sources on the Urban Boundary Layer in Beijing China","volume":"325","author":"Xin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142288","article-title":"Interannual Variability of Dust Height and the Dynamics of Its Formation over East Asia","volume":"751","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/24\/5734\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:39:22Z","timestamp":1760132362000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/24\/5734"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15245734"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15245734","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]]}}}