{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:43:49Z","timestamp":1760150629894,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41874174","8184091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41874174","8184091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41874174","8184091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41874174","8184091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>From August to October 2018, a series of strong earthquake (EQ) events occurred in southeast Asia and northern Oceania (22\u00b0S to 0\u00b0N, 115\u00b0E to 170\u00b0E) within 50 days. In this paper, we analyze the features of ionospheric plasma perturbations, recorded by the Plasma Analyzer Package (PAP) and Langmuir probe (LAP) onboard the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES-01), before four EQs with magnitudes of Ms 6.9 to Ms 7.4. The ion parameters such as the oxygen ion density (No+), the ion drift velocity in the vertical direction (Vz) under the conditions of geomagnetic storms, and strong EQs are compared. The results show that within 1 to 15 days before the strong EQs, the No+ and the electron density (Ne) increased while the electron temperature (Te) decreased synchronously. Meanwhile, the Vz significantly increased along the ground-to-space direction. The relative variation of No+ and Vz before the strong EQs is more prominent, and the Vz is not easily influenced by the geomagnetic storm but is susceptible to the seismic activities. Our results suggest that the anomaly of ionospheric plasma perturbations occurring in this area is possibly related to the pre-EQ signatures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15245735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T08:12:57Z","timestamp":1702627977000},"page":"5735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Ionospheric Plasma Perturbations before a Sequence of Strong Earthquakes in Southeast Asia and Northern Oceania in 2018"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7512-9015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dapeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhima","family":"Zeren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dehe","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6604-0003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuhui","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yibing","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0273-1177(99)01223-5","article-title":"Quasielectrostatic model of atmosphere-thermosphere-ionosphere coupling","volume":"26","author":"Pulinets","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv. 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