{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T23:27:33Z","timestamp":1783553253917,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,16]],"date-time":"2023-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42074042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42074042"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42104032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104032"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["JCTD-2021-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCTD-2021-10"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U22A20586"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20586"]}]},{"name":"Youth Cross Team Scientific Research Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["42074042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42074042"]}]},{"name":"Youth Cross Team Scientific Research Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["42104032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104032"]}]},{"name":"Youth Cross Team Scientific Research Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["JCTD-2021-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCTD-2021-10"]}]},{"name":"Youth Cross Team Scientific Research Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["U22A20586"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20586"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Shandong Province","award":["42074042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42074042"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Shandong Province","award":["42104032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104032"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Shandong Province","award":["JCTD-2021-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCTD-2021-10"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Shandong Province","award":["U22A20586"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20586"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Global Navigation Satellite System Occultation Sounder II (GNOS-II) payload onboard the Chinese Fengyun-3E (FY-3E) satellite is the world\u2019s first operational spaceborne mission that can utilize reflected signals from multiple navigation systems for Earth remote sensing. The satellite was launched into an 836-km early-morning polar orbit on 5 July 2021. Different GNSS signals show different characteristics in the observations and thus require different calibration methods. With an average data latency of less than 3 h, many near real-time applications are possible. This article first introduces the FY-3E\/GNOS-II mission and instrument design, then describes the extensive calibration methods for the multi-GNSS measurements, and finally presents application results in the remote sensing of ocean surface winds, land soil moisture and sea ice extent. Especially, the ocean surface wind product has been used in operational applications such as assimilation in the numerical weather prediction model and monitoring of tropical cyclones. Currently, GNOS-II has been carried by FY-3E, FY-3F (launched in August 2023) and FY-3G (launched in April 2023). It will be also carried by future follow-on FY series and a more complete multi-GNSS reflectometry constellation will be established.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15245756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T10:04:47Z","timestamp":1702893887000},"page":"5756","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["GNOS-II on Fengyun-3 Satellite Series: Exploration of Multi-GNSS Reflection Signals for Operational Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yueqiang","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6888-280X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feixiong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junming","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihua","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qifei","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, 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