{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T02:58:32Z","timestamp":1775617112669,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,17]],"date-time":"2023-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"GFZ German Research Centre"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Geomagnetic storms are one of the leading causes of ionospheric irregularities, depending on their intensity. The 6\u201310 September 2017 geomagnetic storm, the most severe geomagnetic event of the year, resulted from an X9 solar flare and a subsequent coronal mass ejection (CME), with the first sudden storm commencements (SSC) occurring at 23:43 UT on day 06, coinciding with a Sym-H value of approximately 50 nT, triggered by a sudden increase in the solar wind. The interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and disturbance storm time (Dst) increased when the first SSC occurred at 23:43 UT on 6 September. The second SSC occurred with a more vigorous intensity at 23:00 UT on 7 September, with the Kp index reaching 8 and the auroral electrojet (AE) 2500 nT. In this study, we investigated this phenomenon using data from Swarm, FORMOSAT-3\/COSMIC, and ground-based GNSS networks in East Africa to measure ionospheric irregularities near the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA). In this procedure, the total electron content (TEC), amplitude scintillation (S4), and rate of TEC Index (ROTI) were implemented to recognize ionospheric irregularities appearing during the geomagnetic storm. In addition, the Langmuir plasma probes of the Swarm satellites were employed to identify the rate of electron density index (RODI). The results obtained from the different techniques indicate the effects of geomagnetic storms in terms of increased ionospheric irregularities indicated by geophysical ionospheric parameters. This study demonstrates the potential of using space-based measurements to detect the effects of a geomagnetic storm on ionospheric irregularities for regions where ground-based ionospheric observations are rarely available, such as above the oceans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15245762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T10:04:47Z","timestamp":1702893887000},"page":"5762","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Analyzing the Ionospheric Irregularities Caused by the September 2017 Geomagnetic Storm Using Ground-Based GNSS, Swarm, and FORMOSAT-3\/COSMIC Data near the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly in East Africa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3135-3613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza","family":"Atabati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 19697, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iraj","family":"Jazireeyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 19697, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Alizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 19697, Iran"},{"name":"German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), 14473 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0427-0502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmood","family":"Pirooznia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 19697, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5369-6158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakob","family":"Flury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Erdmessung, Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5443-0370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harald","family":"Schuh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), 14473 Potsdam, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformation Sciences, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7010-2147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedikt","family":"Soja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, ETH, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9169(96)00006-2","article-title":"Solar wind-magnetosphere drivers of space weather","volume":"58","author":"Baker","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. 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