{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T09:20:56Z","timestamp":1773307256010,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42041006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42041006"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42072248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42072248"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2019YFE0108900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0108900"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021YFC3000600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3000600"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["CEAIEF20220102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEAIEF20220102"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["CEAIEF2022050502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEAIEF2022050502"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["42041006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42041006"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["42072248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42072248"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2019YFE0108900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0108900"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFC3000600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3000600"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["CEAIEF20220102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEAIEF20220102"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["CEAIEF2022050502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEAIEF2022050502"]}]},{"name":"asic Research Program of the Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration (IEF, CEA)","award":["42041006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42041006"]}]},{"name":"asic Research Program of the Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration (IEF, CEA)","award":["42072248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42072248"]}]},{"name":"asic Research Program of the Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration (IEF, CEA)","award":["2019YFE0108900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0108900"]}]},{"name":"asic Research Program of the Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration (IEF, CEA)","award":["2021YFC3000600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3000600"]}]},{"name":"asic Research Program of the Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration (IEF, CEA)","award":["CEAIEF20220102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEAIEF20220102"]}]},{"name":"asic Research Program of the Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration (IEF, CEA)","award":["CEAIEF2022050502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEAIEF2022050502"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In March 1966, Ms 6.8 and 7.2 earthquakes occurred in Xingtai, North China, resulting in widespread soil liquefaction that caused severe infrastructure damage and economic losses. Using Keyhole satellite imagery combined with aerial images and fieldwork records, we interpreted and identified 66,442 liquefaction points and analyzed the coseismic liquefaction distribution characteristics and possible factors that influenced the Xingtai earthquakes. The interpreted coseismic liquefaction was mainly concentrated above the IX-degree zone, accounting for 80% of all liquefaction points. High-density liquefaction zones (point density &gt; 75 pieces\/km2) accounted for 22% of the total liquefaction points. Most of the interpreted liquefaction points were located at the region with a peak ground acceleration (PGA) of &gt;0.46 g. The liquefaction area on 22 March was significantly larger than that on 8 March. The region of liquefaction was mainly limited by sandy soil conditions, water system conditions, and seismic geological conditions and distributed in areas with loose fine sand and silt deposits, a high water table (groundwater level increases before both mainshocks corresponding to the liquefaction intensive regions), rivers, and ancient river channels. Liquefaction exhibited a repeating characteristic in the same region. Further understanding of the liquefaction characteristics of Xingtai can provide a reference for the prevention of liquefaction in northern China.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15245777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T10:04:47Z","timestamp":1702893887000},"page":"5777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Using Keyhole Images to Map Soil Liquefaction Induced by the 1966 Xingtai Ms 6.8 and 7.2 Earthquakes, North China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yali","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earthquake Prediction, Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7342-2210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yueren","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earthquake Prediction, Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haofeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earthquake Prediction, Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lingyu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earthquake Prediction, Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wentao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mining Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earthquake Prediction, Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1061\/AJGEB6.0000768","article-title":"Soil liquefaction and cyclic mobility evaluation for level ground during earthquakes","volume":"105","author":"Seed","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Eng. Div."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1130\/G33944.1","article-title":"Recurrent liquefaction in Christchurch, New Zealand, during the Canterbury Earthquake sequence","volume":"41","author":"Quigley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1130\/1052-5173(2003)013<0004:LALTBT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Landslides and Liquefaction Triggered by the M 7.9 Denali Fault Earthquake of 3 November 2002","volume":"13","author":"Harp","year":"2003","journal-title":"GSA Today"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:4(297)","article-title":"Liquefaction resistance of soils: Summary report from the 1996 NCEER and 1998 NCEER\/NSF workshops on evaluation of liquefaction resistance of soils","volume":"127","author":"Youd","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1061\/JSFEAQ.0000981","article-title":"Analysis of soil liquefaction: Niigata Earthquake","volume":"93","author":"Seed","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Soil Mech. Found. Div."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9410(1996)122:1(39)","article-title":"Liquefaction of reclaimed island in Kobe, Japan","volume":"122","author":"Elgamal","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL017601","article-title":"Field relations among coseismic ground motion, water level change and liquefaction for the 1999 Chi-Chi (Mw = 7.5) Earthquake, Taiwan","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s11803-009-9033-4","article-title":"Liquefaction macrophenomena in the great Wenchuan Earthquake","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Eng. Vib."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1785\/gssrl.82.6.893","article-title":"Soil liquefaction effects in the central business district during the February 2011 Christchurch Earthquake","volume":"82","author":"Cubrinovski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1785\/0120150223","article-title":"Liquefaction features produced by the 2010\u20132011 Canterbury Earthquake sequence in southwest Christchurch, New Zealand, and Preliminary assessment of paleoliquefaction Features","volume":"106","author":"Villamor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taftsoglou, M., Valkaniotis, S., Papathanassiou, G., and Karantanellis, E. (2023). Satellite imagery for rapid detection of liquefaction surface manifestations: The case study of T\u00fcrkiye\u2013Syria 2023 Earthquakes. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15174190"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Hebei Provincial Local Records Compilation Committee (1998). Hebei Provincial Records\u2014Earthquake Records, Hebei People\u2019s Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"83","article-title":"The influence of earthquakes of Xingtai and Tangshan on the soils in Hebei Plain","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Hebei Agric. Univ."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Gu, G. (1983). Catalogue of Earthquakes in China: 1831 B.C.E.\u20131969 A.D., Science Publishing House. (In Chinese with English Abstract)."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"179","article-title":"1966 Xingtai Earthquake\u2014A milestone in China\u2019s earthquake monitoring and forecasting","volume":"42","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Seism. Geomagn. Obs. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"48","article-title":"Land Deformations in the Xingtai Earthquake","volume":"1","author":"Liu","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Inst. Geomech. Chin. Acad. Geol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"164","article-title":"Research on the seismic process of the 1966 Xingtai earthquake based on observations of ground deformation","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acta Geophysica Sinica"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"91","article-title":"Study on sand liquefaction of the magnitude-5.7 Songyuan earthquake","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"China Civ. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-021-01811-5","article-title":"Preliminary analyses of landslides and sand liquefaction triggered by 22 May, 2021, Maduo Mw 7.3 Earthquake on northern Tibetan Plateau, China","volume":"19","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Liu-Zeng, J., Shao, Y., Wang, Z., Han, L., Shen, X., Qin, K., Gao, Y., Yao, W., and Hu, G. (2023). Mapping of soil liquefaction associated with the 2021 Mw 7.4 Maduo (Madoi) Earthquake based on the UAV photogrammetry technology. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15041032"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Department of Earthquake Preparedness of China Earthquake Administration (1995). Catalogue of Historical Strong Earthquakes in China (23rd Century B.C.\u20141911 A.D.), Earthquake Press. (In Chinese with English Abstract)."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"347","article-title":"Seismic characteristics near the epicenter of the 1303 Hongdong M = 8 Earthquake, Shanxi province and its implication","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Earthq."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"66","article-title":"The seismic and geologic conditions of the earthquake in Huaxian, Shaanxi","volume":"7","author":"Hou","year":"1985","journal-title":"Northwest J. Earthq."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"15","article-title":"Seismic tectonics of the 1668 Tancheng magnitude 8.5 earthquake","volume":"4","author":"Gao","year":"1988","journal-title":"China Earthq."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Institute of Earthquake Physics under the China Earthquake Administration (1986). 1966 Xingtai Earthquake Fact Sheet, Fujian Science and Technology Press. (In Chinese with English Abstract)."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1130\/G35986.1","article-title":"A Possible Seismic Gap and High Earthquake Hazard in the North China Basin","volume":"43","author":"Yin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"15","article-title":"Seismic research on the dynamics of modern tectonic ruptures in the North China fault block area","volume":"5","author":"Jiang","year":"1983","journal-title":"Earthq. Geol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Hebei Provincial Seismological Administration (1986). The 1966 Xingtai Earthquake, Earthquake Publishing House. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-1951(97)00006-1","article-title":"Crustal structure beneath the Xingtai Earthquake Area in North China and its tectonic implications","volume":"274","author":"Wang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pre-, co-seismic and post-seismic fault motion features of the 1966 Xingtai strong earthquake swarm","volume":"35","author":"Shao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earthquake"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"China Earthquake Administration Seismological Survey Team (1975). Crustal deformation associated with the Xingtai earthquake in March,1966. J. Geophys., 18, 153\u2013163. (In Chinese with English Abstract)."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"24","article-title":"Scientific research of Xingtai earthquake","volume":"24","author":"Diao","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. China Earthq. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"73","article-title":"Seismogenic model for the 1966 Xingtai Earthquakes\u2014Nucleation of new-born Fault or strick-slip of pre-existing fault?","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Earthq. Res. China"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"193","article-title":"Tangshan-Hejian-Cixian newly-generated seismtectonic zone","volume":"18","author":"Xu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Earthq. Geol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3208\/sandf1972.24.4_11","article-title":"Soil liquefaction during Haicheng and Tangshan Earthquake in China; a review","volume":"24","author":"Fu","year":"1984","journal-title":"Soils Found."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Features and new aspects of liquefaction in the Wenchuan earthquake","volume":"27","author":"Yuan","year":"2011","journal-title":"World Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000406","article-title":"Retesting of liquefaction and Non liquefaction case histories from the 1976 Tangshan Earthquake","volume":"137","author":"Moss","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Geo. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.1028.305","article-title":"Analysis of Soil Liquefied and Damage Phenomenon at Home and Abroad","volume":"1028","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"AMR"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"12","article-title":"Marine sedimentary environment on the south bank of modern Yellow River estuary","volume":"35","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"405","article-title":"Cause analysis of creep type ground fissures for Longyao typical faults in Xingtai","volume":"35","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geol. J."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1","article-title":"Some problems on the Quaternary geology of the Hebei Plain","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Quat. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1080\/00288306.2016.1182929","article-title":"Mapping Surface Liquefaction Caused by the September 2010 and February 2011 Canterbury Earthquakes: A Digital Dataset","volume":"59","author":"Townsend","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Zealand J. Geol. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soildyn.2016.09.016","article-title":"Remote Sensing for Geotechnical Earthquake Reconnaissance","volume":"91","author":"Rathje","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1007\/s10706-005-3811-1","article-title":"Mapping the Liquefaction Induced Soil Moisture Changes Using Remote Sensing Technique: An Attempt to Map the Earthquake Induced Liquefaction around Bhuj, Gujarat, India","volume":"24","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geotech. Geol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2016.11.001","article-title":"Liquefaction in Western Sichuan Basin during the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan Earthquake, China","volume":"694","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Institute of Earthquake Prediction of the China Earthquake Administration (2019). The Heart of Forecasting, Earthquake Publishing House. (In Chinese with English Abstract)."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-012-0433-9","article-title":"Review of Soil Liquefaction Characteristics during Major Earthquakes of the Twenty-First Century","volume":"65","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"186","article-title":"Geological conditions for strong seismic effects in the Xingtai area","volume":"5","author":"Jiang","year":"1987","journal-title":"N. China Earthq. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1130\/G49429.1","article-title":"The Influence of Off-Fault Deformation Zones on the near-Fault Distribution of Coseismic Landslides","volume":"50","author":"Bloom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"52","article-title":"Preliminary analysis of the surface deformation phenomenon of the Xingtai earthquake","volume":"1","author":"Liu","year":"1981","journal-title":"Collect. Inst. Geomech. Chin. Acad. Geol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-1951(00)00118-9","article-title":"New Empirical Relationships between Magnitude and Distance for Liquefaction","volume":"324","author":"Galli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sedgeo.2010.10.003","article-title":"Identifying Triggers for Liquefaction-Induced Soft-Sediment Deformation in Sands","volume":"235","author":"Owen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sediment. Geol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1","article-title":"Criteria for liquefaction of silty soils","volume":"1","author":"Andrews","year":"2000","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"193","article-title":"Scale and probability of sand liquefaction","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"1993","journal-title":"Earthq. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7952(96)00040-3","article-title":"Use of liquefaction-induced features for paleoseismic analysis-An overview of how seismic liquefaction features can be distinguished from other features and how their regional distribution and properties of source sediment can be used to infer the location and strength of Holocene Paleo-Earthquakes","volume":"44","author":"Obermeier","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"7","article-title":"Study of liquefaction of sandy soils in the Tangshan earthquake","volume":"5","author":"Dong","year":"1984","journal-title":"Eng. Surv."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Chen, W., and Ni, M. (1987). Quaternary Geology of Hebei, Geological Publishing House. (In Chinese with English Abstract)."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Xiao, Y. (1992). Xingtai Regional Water Conservancy Journal, Hebei Science and Technology Press. (In Chinese with English Abstract)."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"45","article-title":"An example of anomalous change of groundwater in Xingtai earthquake","volume":"4","author":"Dong","year":"1986","journal-title":"N. China Earthq. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"152","article-title":"Study of sand liquefaction hazard features induced by Yingjiang M 5.8 Earthquake on 10 March 2011","volume":"19","author":"Yao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1193\/032218EQS064M","article-title":"What is the smallest earthquake magnitude that needs to be considered in assessing liquefaction Hazard?","volume":"35","author":"Green","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earthq. Spectra"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soildyn.2013.07.011","article-title":"A database for PGA threshold in Liquefaction occurrence","volume":"54","author":"Lanzano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"National Earthquake Standardization Technical Committee (2020). China Earthquake Intensity Scale."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.20965\/jdr.2006.p0245","article-title":"Liquefaction of subsurface soils during earthquakes","volume":"1","author":"Ishihara","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Disaster Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-014-9619-8","article-title":"Liquefaction-Induced Building Movements","volume":"12","author":"Bray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"7","article-title":"Environmental seismic intensity scale-ESI 2007","volume":"74","author":"Michetti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mem. Descr. Della Carta Geol. D\u2019italia"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2022.04.011","article-title":"Fifteen years of Environmental Seismic Intensity (ESI-07) scale: Dataset compilation and insights from empirical regressions","volume":"625","author":"Maria","year":"2022","journal-title":"Quatern. Int."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"82","article-title":"Characteristics of earthquake disasters in rural China and countermeasures for disaster reduction","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nat. Disasters"},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Zhang, G., Li, Z., and Yang, L. (2006). Xingtai earthquake and the development of earthquake prediction in China. N. China Earthq. Sci., 16\u201345. (In Chinese with English Abstract)."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Liu, H. (1977). Damage from the Tangshan Earthquake, Earthquake Publishing House. (In Chinese with English Abstract)."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2840","DOI":"10.1785\/0120090314","article-title":"The 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake and Earthquake Prediction in China","volume":"100","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3208\/sandf1972.21.3_35","article-title":"Case Studies of Liquefaction in the 1964 Niigata Earthquake","volume":"21","author":"Kenji","year":"1981","journal-title":"Soils Found."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"59","article-title":"Characteristics of earthquake damage in China and its significance","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"1983","journal-title":"Earthq. Geol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"70","article-title":"The main damage of the Bohai earthquake and its revelations","volume":"3","author":"Yu","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Earthq."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Cubrinovski, M., Henderson, D., and Bradley, B. (2012, January 3\u20134). Liquefaction impacts in residential areas in the 2010\u20132011 Christchurch Earthquake. Proceedings of the One Year after 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake: International Symposium on Engineering Lessons Learned from the Giant Earthquake, Tokyo, Japan."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sandf.2012.11.004","article-title":"Characteristics of Liquefaction in Tokyo Bay Area by the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake","volume":"52","author":"Yasuda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soils Found."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-018-1768-4","article-title":"Long-term groundwater storage changes and land subsidence development in the North China plain (1971\u20132015)","volume":"26","author":"Gong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. J."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/24\/5777\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:40:48Z","timestamp":1760132448000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/24\/5777"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15245777"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15245777","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]}}}