{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T02:54:21Z","timestamp":1768532061553,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFE0194700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFE0194700"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["21L05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21L05"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["03081023002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03081023002"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund Program of LIESMARS","award":["2021YFE0194700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFE0194700"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund Program of LIESMARS","award":["21L05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21L05"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund Program of LIESMARS","award":["03081023002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03081023002"]}]},{"name":"Categorical Development Quota Project\u2013Master\u2019s Degree Innovation Project (2023)","award":["2021YFE0194700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFE0194700"]}]},{"name":"Categorical Development Quota Project\u2013Master\u2019s Degree Innovation Project (2023)","award":["21L05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21L05"]}]},{"name":"Categorical Development Quota Project\u2013Master\u2019s Degree Innovation Project (2023)","award":["03081023002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03081023002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rapid pace of urbanization and increasing demands for urban functionalities have led to diversification and complexity in the types of urban surface elements. The conventional approach of relying solely on remote sensing imagery for urban surface element extraction faces emerging challenges. Data-driven techniques, including deep learning and machine learning, necessitate a substantial number of annotated samples as prerequisites. In response, our study proposes a knowledge-driven approach that integrates multisource data with ontology to achieve precise urban surface element extraction. Within this framework, components from the EIONET Action Group on Land Monitoring in Europe matrix serve as ontology primitives, forming a shared vocabulary. The semantics of surface elements are deconstructed using these primitives, enabling the creation of specific descriptions for various types of urban surface elements by combining these primitives. Our approach integrates multitemporal high-resolution remote sensing data, network big data, and other heterogeneous data sources. It segments high-resolution images into individual patches, and for each unit, urban surface element classification is accomplished through semantic rule-based inference. We conducted experiments in two regions with varying levels of urban scene complexity, achieving overall accuracies of 93.03% and 97.35%, respectively. Through this knowledge-driven approach, our proposed method significantly enhances the classification performance of urban surface elements in complex scenes, even in the absence of sample data, thereby presenting a novel approach to urban surface element extraction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16010004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T04:18:37Z","timestamp":1702959517000},"page":"4","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Classification of Urban Surface Elements by Combining Multisource Data and Ontology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7783-4175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics and Urban Spatial Information, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China"}]},{"given":"Yuzhen","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics and Urban Spatial Information, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China"}]},{"given":"Yewen","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"577","article-title":"The key technology of intelligent monitoring and simulation of urban typical elements by remote sensing","volume":"51","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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