{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:37:18Z","timestamp":1781109438679,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFF1300501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF1300501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32271873"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32271873"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32171873"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32171873"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31971728"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31971728"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFF1300501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF1300501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32271873"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32271873"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32171873"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32171873"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31971728"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31971728"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Evapotranspiration (ET) is a very important variable in the global water cycle, carbon cycle, and energy cycle. However, there are still some uncertainties in existing ET products. Therefore, this paper evaluates the uncertainty of three widely used global ET products (ERA5-Land, GLDAS-Noah, and MERRA-2) based on the three-cornered hat (TCH) method, and generates a new ET product based on this. The new product is a long-series global monthly ET dataset with a spatial resolution of 0.25\u00b0 \u00d7 0.25\u00b0 and a time span of 21 years. The results show that ERA5-Land (8.46 mm\/month) has the lowest uncertainty among the three ET products, followed by GLDAS-Noah (8.81 mm\/month) and MERRA-2 (11.78 mm\/month). The new product (TCH) captures ET trends in different regions as well as validating against in situ flux observations, and it exhibits better performance than the re-analysis dataset (ERA5-Land) in vegetation classifications such as evergreen needle-leaf forest, grassland, open shrubland, savanna, and woody savanna. The linear trend analysis of the new product shows a significant decreasing trend in south-eastern South America and southwestern parts of Africa, and an increasing trend in almost all other regions, including eastern North America, north-eastern South America, western Europe, north-central Africa, southern Asia, and south-eastern Oceania.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16010028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T11:24:33Z","timestamp":1703071473000},"page":"28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Uncertainty Analysis and Data Fusion of Multi-Source Land Evapotranspiration Products Based on the TCH Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zilong","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4050-0355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anzhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9448-5779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiabing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunbo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RG2005","DOI":"10.1029\/2011RG000373","article-title":"A review of global terrestrial evapotranspiration: Observation, modeling, climatology, and climatic variability","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. 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