{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T04:04:16Z","timestamp":1774584256256,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the sub-theme of the project \u201cWesterly-monsoon synergy and its environmental effects\u201d of the Second Comprehensive Scientific Expedition to the Tibetan Plateau","award":["2019QZKK0106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0106"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study of the response of vegetation phenology in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau to various climatic variables is paramount to unveiling the reaction of alpine ecosystems to worldwide climate alterations. Nonetheless, the lagged and cumulative effects of various climatic variables on vegetation phenology in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau remain unclear. Therefore, based on MODIS NDVI data, we extracted vegetation phenological parameters from 2001 to 2020, including the start of the vegetation growing season (SOS) and the end of the vegetation growing season (EOS), and then analyzed the response mechanisms of vegetation phenology to pre-seasonal air temperature (T), precipitation (P), and daytime and nighttime land surface temperatures (DLST, NLST) in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau on the basis of an investigation of the lag and cumulative effects. The results showed that: (1) the multiyear mean values of the SOS mainly occurred from 120 to 160 days, accounting for 86.17% of the study area, while the multiyear mean values of the EOS were mainly concentrated between 260 and 280 days, accounting for 77.05% of the study area; (2) air temperature (T), precipitation (P), and daytime and nighttime land surface temperatures (DLST, NLST) had different degrees of lagging effects on the SOS and the EOS. Among them, the time lag effect of precipitation on vegetation phenology was more pronounced; (3) different climatic variables had distinct cumulative effects on vegetation phenology. In contrast to the insignificant cumulative effects of temperature and nighttime surface temperature on the SOS and the EOS, the cumulative effects of precipitation and daytime land surface temperature on the SOS were more pronounced than those on the EOS; (4) the SOS and air temperature, precipitation, and NLST were mainly negatively correlated, in which the proportion of the negative correlation between SOS and NLST was up to 68.80%, and SOS and DLST were mainly positively correlated with a positive correlation proportion of 73.27%, EOS and air temperature, precipitation, and NLST were positively correlated with a positive correlation proportion of EOS and precipitation of up to 71.52%, and EOS and DLST were mainly negatively correlated with a negative correlation ratio of 55.87%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16010049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T10:53:52Z","timestamp":1703156032000},"page":"49","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Response of Vegetation Phenology to Climate Change on the Tibetan Plateau Considering Time-Lag and Cumulative Effects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}]},{"given":"Anqi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}]},{"given":"Zhihui","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6303-1275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangsheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1173004","article-title":"Phenology Feedbacks on Climate Change","volume":"324","author":"Rutishauser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adole, T., Dash, J., Rodriguez-Galiano, V., and Atkinson, P.M. (2019). Photoperiod Controls Vegetation Phenology across Africa. Commun. Biol., 2.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0636-7"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14770","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14918-4","article-title":"Monitoring the Long Term Vegetation Phenology Change in Northeast China from 1982 to 2015","volume":"7","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2016.04.012","article-title":"Continuous but Diverse Advancement of Spring-Summer Phenology in Response to Climate Warming across the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","volume":"223","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6966","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1616608114","article-title":"New Perspective on Spring Vegetation Phenology and Global Climate Change Based on Tibetan Plateau Tree-Ring Data","volume":"114","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"198","article-title":"Biological and Climate Factors Co-Regulated Spatial-Temporal Dynamics of Vegetation Autumn Phenology on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"69","author":"Zu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3725","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.7045","article-title":"Spring Phenology Outweighed Climate Change in Determining Autumn Phenology on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"41","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-021-07440-5","article-title":"Effects of Vegetation Phenology on Vegetation Productivity in the Qinghai Lake Basin of the Northeastern Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.107036","article-title":"Diverse and Divergent Influences of Phenology on Herbaceous Aboveground Biomass across the Tibetan Plateau Alpine Grasslands","volume":"121","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23356","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23356","article-title":"Complex Responses of Spring Vegetation Growth to Climate in a Moisture-Limited Alpine Meadow","volume":"6","author":"Ganjurjav","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"39","article-title":"Vegetation Phenology Change in Tibetan Plateau from 1982 to 2013 and Its Related Meteorological Factors","volume":"72","author":"Kong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2020.107943","article-title":"Warming and Precipitation Addition Interact to Affect Plant Spring Phenology in Alpine Meadows on the Central Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","volume":"287","author":"Ganjurjav","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-022-03963-3","article-title":"Diverse Responses of Phenology in Multi-Grassland to Environmental Factors on Qinghai\u2013Tibetan Plateau in China","volume":"148","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.109239","article-title":"Responses of Net Primary Productivity to Phenological Dynamics Based on a Data Fusion Algorithm in the Northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"142","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.05.031","article-title":"Dynamics of Vegetation Autumn Phenology and Its Response to Multiple Environmental Factors from 1982 to 2012 on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China","volume":"637\u2013638","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-018-1480-2","article-title":"Spatial and Temporal Variation of Vegetation Phenology and Its Response to Climate Changes in Qaidam Basin from 2000 to 2015","volume":"28","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"744","article-title":"Spatial Variations in Responses of Vegetation Autumn Phenology to Climate Change on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"10","author":"Cong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.01677","article-title":"Change in Autumn Vegetation Phenology and the Climate Controls From 1982 to 2012 on the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2014.01.003","article-title":"Increasing Altitudinal Gradient of Spring Vegetation Phenology during the Last Decade on the Qinghai\u2013Tibetan Plateau","volume":"189\u2013190","author":"Shen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Chen, Y., Li, Z., Li, Y., Zhang, Q., and Zan, M. (2021). Driving Forces of the Changes in Vegetation Phenology in the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13234952"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12086","article-title":"Consistent Shifts in Spring Vegetation Green-up Date across Temperate Biomes in China, 1982\u20132006","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5461","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160801908103","article-title":"Land Surface Phenology Dynamics and Climate Variations in the North East China Transect (NECT), 1982\u20132000","volume":"29","author":"Tao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.17521\/cjpe.2021.0188","article-title":"Temperature sensitivity of vegetation phenology in spring in mid- to high-latitude regions of Northern Hemisphere during the recent three decades","volume":"46","author":"Cong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-018-2699-7","article-title":"Variations in Land Surface Phenology and Their Response to Climate Change in Yangtze River Basin during 1982\u20132015","volume":"137","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"102179","article-title":"Global Analysis of Time-Lag and -Accumulation Effects of Climate on Vegetation Growth","volume":"92","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13301","article-title":"Strong Impacts of Daily Minimum Temperature on the Green-up Date and Summer Greenness of the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"22","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2017.10.026","article-title":"Vegetation Phenology on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and Its Response to Climate Change (1982\u20132013)","volume":"248","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5189","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15200","article-title":"Three-dimensional Change in Temperature Sensitivity of Northern Vegetation Phenology","volume":"26","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An, S., Chen, X., Zhang, X., Lang, W., Ren, S., and Xu, L. (2020). Precipitation and Minimum Temperature Are Primary Climatic Controls of Alpine Grassland Autumn Phenology on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12030431"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8817.2003.00784.x","article-title":"Climate Controls on Vegetation Phenological Patterns in Northern Mid- and High Latitudes Inferred from MODIS Data","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Applicability Evaluation and Correction of CLDAS Surface Temperature Products in Permafrost Region of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"19","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clim. Chang. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"58","article-title":"Relationship Betw Een Vegetation Index and Ground Surface Temperature on the Tibetan Plateau Alpine Grassland","volume":"37","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Glaciol. Geocryol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"508","article-title":"Trend of Surface Freeze-Thaw Cycles and Vegetation Green-up Date and Their Response to Climate Change on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.108684","article-title":"Change in the Elevational Pattern of Vegetation Greenup Date across the Tianshan Mountains in Central Asia during 2001\u20132020","volume":"136","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"4137","article-title":"Spatio-Temporal Change of Urban-Rural Vegetation Phenology and Its Response to Land Surface Temperature in Northeast China","volume":"40","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157227","article-title":"Impacts of Climate Change on Vegetation Phenology over the Great Lakes Region of Central Asia from 1982 to 2014","volume":"845","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Tang, Y., Xu, J., Shu, S., Yu, B., Wu, J., and Huang, Y. (2022). Impact of Snow Cover Phenology on the Vegetation Green-Up Date on the Tibetan Plateau. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14163909"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"4","article-title":"Grassland Phenological Dynamics and Its Response to Driving Factors on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"47","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pratacult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"147","article-title":"Comparison of Three NDVI Time-Series Fitting Methods Based on TIMESAT\u2014Taking the Grassland in NorthernTibet as Case","volume":"26","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"3000","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Changes of Piedmont Phenology in the Transitional Zone between the Second and Third Steps, China","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geogr. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"3557","article-title":"Vegetation dynamics and its response to climate change and human activities based on different vegetation types in China","volume":"42","author":"Geng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.07.359","article-title":"Interpretation of Vegetation Phenology Changes Using Daytime and Night-Time Temperatures across the Yellow River Basin, China","volume":"693","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.802519","article-title":"Seasonality Extraction by Function Fitting to Time-Series of Satellite Sensor Data","volume":"40","author":"Jonsson","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.107286","article-title":"Responses of Vegetation Spring Phenology to Climatic Factors in Xinjiang, China","volume":"124","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.108646","article-title":"Global Assessment of Lagged and Cumulative Effects of Drought on Grassland Gross Primary Production","volume":"136","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.109409","article-title":"Drought-Related Cumulative and Time-Lag Effects on Vegetation Dynamics across the Yellow River Basin, China","volume":"143","author":"Zhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"6600","article-title":"Vegetation Phenology Change and Its Response to Seasonal Climate Changes on the Loess Plateau","volume":"41","author":"Ji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, X., Xu, G., He, X., and Luo, D. (2022). Influences of Seasonal Soil Moisture and Temperature on Vegetation Phenology in the Qilian Mountains. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14153645"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1032","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Alpine Grassland Phenology on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"36","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pratacult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"32","article-title":"Phenological changes of grassland vegetation and its response to climate change in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"43","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Grassl."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3520","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12945","article-title":"Time-Lag Effects of Global Vegetation Responses to Climate Change","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152805","article-title":"Phenology-Based Seasonal Terrestrial Vegetation Growth Response to Climate Variability with Consideration of Cumulative Effect and Biological Carryover","volume":"817","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaax0255","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax0255","article-title":"Summer Soil Drying Exacerbated by Earlier Spring Greening of Northern Vegetation","volume":"6","author":"Lian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.13601","article-title":"Simulated Heat Waves Affected Alpine Grassland Only in Combination with Drought","volume":"209","author":"Bassin","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14627","article-title":"Satellite Detection of Cumulative and Lagged Effects of Drought on Autumn Leaf Senescence over the Northern Hemisphere","volume":"25","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JG004751","article-title":"Cumulative Effects of Climatic Factors on Terrestrial Vegetation Growth","volume":"124","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169408954231","article-title":"Modelling Relationships between NDVI and Precipitation during Vegetative Growth Cycles","volume":"15","author":"Di","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1175\/EI219.1","article-title":"Intraseasonal Interactions between Temperature and Vegetation over the Boreal Forests","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Earth Interact."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2019.03.010","article-title":"NDVI Indicated Inter-Seasonal Non-Uniform Time-Lag Responses of Terrestrial Vegetation Growth to Daily Maximum and Minimum Temperature","volume":"177","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiao, C., Shen, S., Cheng, C., and Wu, J. (2021). Vegetation Phenology in the Qilian Mountains and Its Response to Temperature from 1982 to 2014. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13020286"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.17521\/cjpe.2022.0170","article-title":"Temporal and Spatial Variation of Vegetation Photosynthetic Phenology in Dongting Lake Basin and Its Response to Climate Change","volume":"47","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. J. Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13081","article-title":"Temperature, Precipitation, and Insolation Effects on Autumn Vegetation Phenology in Temperate China","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107743","article-title":"Divergent Impacts of Droughts on Vegetation Phenology and Productivity in the Yungui Plateau, Southwest China","volume":"127","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"3029","article-title":"The Phenological Characteristics of Mongolian Vegetation and Its Response to Geographical Elements","volume":"40","author":"Shao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geogr. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107640","article-title":"Elevation-Dependent Response of Spring Phenology to Climate and Its Legacy Effect on Vegetation Growth in the Mountains of Northwest Mongolia","volume":"126","author":"Mei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13278","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JD027318","article-title":"Asymmetric Responses of the End of Growing Season to Daily Maximum and Minimum Temperatures on the Tibetan Plateau: Autumn Phenology on Tibetan Plateau","volume":"122","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2021.108571","article-title":"Combined Control of Multiple Extreme Climate Stressors on Autumn Vegetation Phenology on the Tibetan Plateau under Past and Future Climate Change","volume":"308\u2013309","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/1\/49\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:39:51Z","timestamp":1760132391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/1\/49"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16010049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16010049","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]}}}