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Current super-resolution methods confront challenges such as complex network structure, insufficient sensing capability, and difficulty extracting features with local and global dependencies. To address these challenges, DMSC-GAN, a SAR image super-resolution technique based on the c-GAN framework, is introduced in this study. The design objective of DMSC-GAN is to enhance the flexibility and controllability of the model by utilizing conditional inputs to modulate the generated image features. The method uses an encoder\u2013decoder structure to construct a generator and introduces a feature extraction module that combines convolutional operations with Deformable Multi-Head Self-Attention (DMSA). This module can efficiently capture the features of objects of various shapes and extract important background information needed to recover complex image textures. In addition, a multi-scale feature extraction pyramid layer helps to capture image details at different scales. DMSC-GAN combines perceptual loss and feature matching loss and, with the enhanced dual-scale discriminator, successfully extracts features from SAR images for high-quality super-resolution reconstruction. Extensive experiments confirm the excellent performance of DMSC-GAN, which significantly improves the spatial resolution and visual quality of SAR images. This framework demonstrates strong capabilities and potential in advancing super-resolution techniques for SAR images.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16010050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T10:53:52Z","timestamp":1703156032000},"page":"50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["DMSC-GAN: A c-GAN-Based Framework for Super-Resolution Reconstruction of SAR Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8927-7601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingying","family":"Kong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3423-743X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Si","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curlander, J.C., and McDonough, R.N. 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