{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:45:47Z","timestamp":1760150747104,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,25]],"date-time":"2023-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFF0801301","41575033","E066193601","BK20231148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF0801301","41575033","E066193601","BK20231148"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022YFF0801301","41575033","E066193601","BK20231148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF0801301","41575033","E066193601","BK20231148"]}]},{"name":"Instrument Function Development Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2022YFF0801301","41575033","E066193601","BK20231148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF0801301","41575033","E066193601","BK20231148"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["2022YFF0801301","41575033","E066193601","BK20231148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF0801301","41575033","E066193601","BK20231148"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microwave surface emissivity is complex and variable, leading to increased difficulty in accurately retrieving atmospheric parameters and assimilating satellite microwave observations over land. The Community Radiative Transfer Model (CRTM) land emissivity model is a useful tool for providing microwave emissivity over complex surfaces. By combining the model with ground measurements from a mobile multi-surface observing system at the Xianghe site, China, the performance of the land emissivity model is evaluated over grass and sand surfaces. The simulated and measured emissivity agrees at both polarizations over the grassland surface but a more significant difference is observed at the horizontal polarization over the sand surface. To solve this problem, the Q\/H module for soil reflectance roughness correction in the CRTM emissivity model was replaced with the Qp module for the sand surface. This results in a significant improvement in the horizontal polarization simulation, with the corresponding mean bias error (MBE) reducing from 0.08 in the Q\/H module to less than 0.03. The adjustment demonstrates that the Qp module more effectively corrects the roughness effect on horizontally polarized emissivity for bare soil surfaces. For grassland, the CRTM emissivity model with the Q\/H module demonstrates accurate simulations, showing its suitability for vegetated land surfaces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16010095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,25]],"date-time":"2023-12-25T23:00:12Z","timestamp":1703545212000},"page":"95","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of the CRTM Land Emissivity Model over Grass and Sand Surfaces Using Ground-Based Measurements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yidan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Electronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"}]},{"given":"Wenying","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Minzheng","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Hailei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"}]},{"given":"Hongbin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9256-5452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Congzhen","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Weidong","family":"Nan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Xianghe Observatory of Whole Atmosphere, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Langfang 065400, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"689","article-title":"The use of TOVS level-1b radiances in the NCEP SSI analysis system","volume":"126","author":"McNally","year":"2000","journal-title":"Q. 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