{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T13:07:15Z","timestamp":1766754435037,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,26]],"date-time":"2023-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U2242203","42275006","42122033","2021A1515011647","2120001008761","GRMC2021Q18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2242203","42275006","42122033","2021A1515011647","2120001008761","GRMC2021Q18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["U2242203","42275006","42122033","2021A1515011647","2120001008761","GRMC2021Q18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2242203","42275006","42122033","2021A1515011647","2120001008761","GRMC2021Q18"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project for Society of Foshan","award":["U2242203","42275006","42122033","2021A1515011647","2120001008761","GRMC2021Q18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2242203","42275006","42122033","2021A1515011647","2120001008761","GRMC2021Q18"]}]},{"name":"Youth Foundation of Guangdong Meteorological Service","award":["U2242203","42275006","42122033","2021A1515011647","2120001008761","GRMC2021Q18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2242203","42275006","42122033","2021A1515011647","2120001008761","GRMC2021Q18"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to explore the roles of multiple gust fronts (i.e., outflow boundaries) during a short-lived extreme rainfall that occurred in the Greater Bay Area of South China in the afternoon of 1 August 2021. Through the use of microbarographs and Doppler weather radars, the research highlights how the interactions of five gust fronts, approaching the region from different directions, have contributed to the high precipitation efficiency and damaging surface winds during the event. The close convergence of these gust fronts funneled unstable air masses into the region of interest, priming the mesoscale convective environment. Some isolated convection initiated before the gust fronts\u2019 arrival. Preceding the arrival of these gust fronts, subtle wave-like pressure jumps were identified from the high-frequency (1 Hz) microbarograph observations. The amplitude of the pressure jump is approximately 40 Pa with minimal changes in air temperature. During the early stage of the gust front passages, very high-frequency oscillations in surface pressure are recognized, indicating interaction between the density currents and the low-level troposphere. As suggested through numerical simulations, the subtle pressure jumps are associated with upward displacements of isentropic surfaces aloft, deepening the moist layer and enhancing the lapse rate that are conducive to convective development. The simulated vertical profiles show no evident capping inversion above the dry neutral boundary layer, suggesting that the pressure jumps are likely to be dynamically induced through the collision of the outflows and environmental air masses. The findings of this study suggest the potential application of microbarographs in the nowcasting of the convective development associated with gust fronts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16010101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,26]],"date-time":"2023-12-26T05:19:07Z","timestamp":1703567947000},"page":"101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["High-Frequency Microbarograph-Observed Pressure Variations Associated with Gust Fronts during an Extreme Rainfall Event"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Foshan Tornado Research Center, China Meteorological Administration Tornado Key Laboratory, Guangdong Meteorological Service, Foshan 528000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0304-5656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lanqiang","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foshan Tornado Research Center, China Meteorological Administration Tornado Key Laboratory, Guangdong Meteorological Service, Foshan 528000, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China"}]},{"given":"Zhaoming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foshan Tornado Research Center, China Meteorological Administration Tornado Key Laboratory, Guangdong Meteorological Service, Foshan 528000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8828-5431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China"},{"name":"School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China"}]},{"given":"Shushi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Transportation Meteorology of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing Joint Institute for Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing 210009, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Huang, S., Li, Z., and Bao, C. 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