{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T14:52:36Z","timestamp":1769266356142,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]],"date-time":"2023-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Nature Science Funds of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41774089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41774089"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Nature Science Funds of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42274010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42274010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Nature Science Funds of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42204009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42204009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Nature Science Funds of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023000540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023000540"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Nature Science Funds of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023000407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023000407"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["41774089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41774089"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["42274010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42274010"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["42204009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42204009"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2023000540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023000540"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2023000407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023000407"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Owing to the dependence of algorithms on the measurement of ship soundings and geophysical parameters, the accuracy and coverage of topography still need to be improved. Previous studies have mostly predicted topography using gravity or gravity gradient, However, there is a relative lack of integrated research combining or comparing gravity and gravity gradient. In this study, we develop observation equations to predict topography based on vertical gravity anomalies (VG; also called gravity anomalies) and vertical gravity gradient (VGG) anomalies generated by a rectangular prism. The sources of interference are divided into medium- to high-frequency errors and low-frequency errors, and these new methods reduce these errors through regularization and error equations. We also use numerical simulations to test the efficiency of the algorithm and error-reduction method. Statistics show that VGG anomalies are more sensitive to topographic fluctuations; however, the linear correlation between VG anomalies and topography is stronger. Additionally, we use the EIGEN-6C4 model of VG and VGG anomalies to predict topography in shallow and deep-sea areas, with maximum depths of 2 km and 5 km, respectively. In the shallow and deep-sea areas, the root mean square (RMS) errors of VGG anomalies prediction are 93.8 m and 233.8 m, and the corresponding accuracies improved by 7.3% and 2.3% compared with those of VG anomaly prediction, respectively. Furthermore, we use cubic spline interpolation to fuse ship soundings and improve the accuracy of the final topography results. We develop a novel analytical algorithm by constructing an observation equation system applicable to VG and VGG anomalies. This will provide new insights and directions to refine topography prediction based on VG and VGG anomalies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16010166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,31]],"date-time":"2023-12-31T04:51:51Z","timestamp":1703998311000},"page":"166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Comparative Study on Predicting Topography from Gravity Anomaly and Gravity Gradient Anomaly"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Huan","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Computational Geodynamics, College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yuwei","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Computational Geodynamics, College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Jinhai","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Computational Geodynamics, College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6685-3415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ole Baltazar","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4624-1489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiuyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Computational Geodynamics, College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Zhongmiao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Geoinformation Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Andersen, O.B., and Knudsen, P. 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