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The satellite-normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) obtained during periods of vigorous crop growth is important for crop species identification. Sentinel-2 images with spatial resolutions of 10, 20, and 60 m are widely used in crop mapping. However, the images obtained during periods of vigorous crop growth are often covered by clouds. In contrast, time-series moderate-resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS) images can usually capture crop phenology but with coarse resolution. Therefore, a time-series-based spatiotemporal fusion network (TSSTFN) was designed to generate TSSTFN-NDVI during critical phenological periods for finer-scale crop mapping. This network leverages multi-temporal MODIS-Sentinel-2 NDVI pairs from previous years as a reference to enhance the precision of crop mapping. The long short-term memory module was used to acquire data about the time-series change pattern to achieve this. The UNet structure was employed to manage the spatial mapping relationship between MODIS and Sentinel-2 images. The time distribution of the image sequences in different years was inconsistent, and time alignment strategies were used to process the reference data. The results demonstrate that incorporating the predicted critical phenological period NDVI consistently yields better crop classification performance. Moreover, the predicted NDVI trained with time-consistent data achieved a higher classification accuracy than the predicted NDVI trained with the original NDVI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16020235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T05:21:38Z","timestamp":1704691298000},"page":"235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Time-Series-Based Spatiotemporal Fusion Network for Improving Crop Type Mapping"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wenfang","family":"Zhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCCC Second Highway Consultants Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430056, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Zhuang Automomous Region Institute of Natural Resources Remote Sensing, Nanning 530023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9158-3656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junli","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongchuang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2216-1203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhixiang","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanlan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1983-5978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Penghai","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China"},{"name":"Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"773","article-title":"Assessing future risks to agricultural productivity, water resources and food security: How can remote sensing help?","volume":"78","author":"Thenkabail","year":"2012","journal-title":"Photogramm. 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