{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T18:09:36Z","timestamp":1772820576548,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62225104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62225104"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62001021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62001021"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62201049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62201049"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023YFC3341100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3341100"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62225104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62225104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62001021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62001021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62201049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62201049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC3341100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3341100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The estimation of the target number and individual tracks are two major tasks in multi-target tracking. The main shortcoming of traditional tracking methods is the cumbersome data association between measurements and targets. The cardinalized probability hypothesis density filter (CPHD) proposed in recent years can achieve the requirement for multitarget tracking. This kind of filter jointly estimates the cardinality distribution and the posterior density, which can achieve a more stable estimate of the target number. However, targets with complex micro-Doppler signatures (drones, birds, etc.) may generate target-dependent false alarms, which is contrary to the traditional uniform distribution assumption. In this case, the estimates of traditional CPHD filter will suffer from the abnormal transfer of PHD mass, causing the degradation of filtering performance. This paper studies the individual tracking of group targets with an improved GM-CPHD filter. First, the target-dependent false alarms are modeled with a general independent and identically distributed (I.I.D.) cluster process. Second, the update equations of cardinality and PHD density in target-dependent false alarms are derived. Finally, a practical solution using the Gaussian mixture method is proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed filter is verified by the simulation and experimental results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16020251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T03:36:58Z","timestamp":1704771418000},"page":"251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Gaussian Mixture CPHD Filter for Multi-Target Tracking in Target-Dependent False Alarms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Qi","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Research Lab, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Real-Time Information Processing Technology of Embedded, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Research Lab, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Real-Time Information Processing Technology of Embedded, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"The Advanced Technology Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Jinan 250300, China"}]},{"given":"Libin","family":"Dou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Research Lab, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Real-Time Information Processing Technology of Embedded, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Longxiang","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Research Lab, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Real-Time Information Processing Technology of Embedded, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7582-5291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Research Lab, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Real-Time Information Processing Technology of Embedded, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"The Advanced Technology Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Jinan 250300, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat7526","article-title":"A continental system for forecasting bird migration","volume":"361","author":"Horton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Metz, I.C., Ellerbroek, J., M\u00fchlhausen, T., K\u00fcgler, D., and Hoekstra, J.M. 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