{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T15:27:07Z","timestamp":1771514827095,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["2021YFB3901300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB3901300"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["62373117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62373117"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["62003109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62003109"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["3072019CF0401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3072019CF0401"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["3072020CFT0403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3072020CFT0403"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFB3901300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB3901300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62373117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62373117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62003109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62003109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3072019CF0401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3072019CF0401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3072020CFT0403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3072020CFT0403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities","award":["2021YFB3901300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB3901300"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities","award":["62373117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62373117"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities","award":["62003109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62003109"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities","award":["3072019CF0401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3072019CF0401"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities","award":["3072020CFT0403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3072020CFT0403"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate integrity risk evaluation is of significance in ensuring that aviation navigation applications satisfy the predefined integrity requirement. The integrity risk evaluation method over a specified exposure interval has been proposed in previous works for the development of advanced receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (ARAIM) (ARAIM technical subgroup reference airborne algorithm description document v4.1, 2022). However, this method typically relies on an underlying optimistic assumption that the satellite geometry remains constant throughout the exposure interval. The variation in satellite geometry due to potential satellite outages undermines the widely-used geometry constant assumption. Thus, we investigate the influence of satellite geometry variations throughout the exposure interval on the integrity performance by introducing a geometry-sensitive risk-evaluation model. The findings demonstrate that, under the nominal situation, the region where the ARAIM fails to meet predefined integrity requirement could expand by a maximum of 2.93% when accounting for satellite geometry variations. Furthermore, in the situation of a single satellite outage, this hazardous region has significantly expanded from 13.12% of the global coverage to 66.82%. Based on these findings, we recommend that the ARAIM should consider satellite outages as a critical factor in real-time integrity risk evaluation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16020286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T03:21:41Z","timestamp":1704943301000},"page":"286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Impact Analysis of Satellite Geometry Variation on ARAIM Integrity Risk over Exposure Interval"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ruijie","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligent System Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligent System Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Zhibo","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligent System Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Yangwang","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligent System Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligent System Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Zelin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligent System Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WG-C Advanced RAIM Technical Subgroup (TSG) (2023, June 04). Advanced RAIM Technical Subgroup Reference Airborne Algorithm Description Document v4.1. 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.ion.org\/publications\/abstract.cfm?articleID=18254."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1002\/navi.437","article-title":"Sensitivity of advanced RAIM performance to mischaracterizations in integrity support message values","volume":"68","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Navig."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-015-0468-y","article-title":"Integrity monitoring-based ratio test for GNSS integer ambiguity validation","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-021-01097-z","article-title":"BDS signal-in-space anomaly probability analysis over the last 6 years","volume":"25","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2022.05.049","article-title":"Progress of global ARAIM availability of BDS-2\/BDS-3 with TGD and ISB","volume":"70","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Li, L., Zhao, L., Yang, F., and Li, N. (2015, January 14\u201318). A novel ARAIM approach in probability domain for combined GPS and Galileo. Proceedings of the 28th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2015), Tampa, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2010.5545186","article-title":"RAIM with optimal integrity and continuity allocations under multiple failures","volume":"46","author":"Blanch","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-020-00997-w","article-title":"Cross-correlation effect of ARAIM test statistic on false alarm risk","volume":"24","author":"Bang","year":"2020","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-017-0627-4","article-title":"Integrity and continuity allocation for the RAIM with multiple constellations","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/navi.291","article-title":"Introduction to BeiDou-3 navigation satellite system","volume":"66","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Navigation"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1002\/navi.71","article-title":"Solution separation versus residual-based RAIM","volume":"61","author":"Joerger","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Navig."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463310000342","article-title":"Weighted RAIM for APV: The ideal protection level","volume":"64","author":"Milner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Navig."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2014.130739","article-title":"Baseline advanced RAIM user alogothrim and possible improvements","volume":"51","author":"Blanch","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2019.2935962","article-title":"Bounding Integrity Risk and False Alert Probability Over Exposure Time Intervals","volume":"56","author":"Zhai","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milner, C., Pervan, B., Blanch, J., and Joerger, M. (2020, January 20\u201323). Evaluating integrity and continuity over time in advanced RAIM. 2020. Proceedings of the IEEE\/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS), Portland, OR, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS46316.2020.9109924"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanch, J., Walter, T., Milner, C., Joerger, M., Pervan, B., and Bouvet, D. (2022, January 25\u201327). Baseline advanced RAIM user algorithm: Proposed updates. Proceedings of the 2022 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation (ION ITM 2022), Long Beach, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.33012\/2022.18254"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, J., Wang, Z., Fang, K., Zhu, Y., Dan, Z., Wang, H., and Li, X. (2022, January 19\u201323). ARAIM integrity risk allocation over time. Proceedings of the 35th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2022), Denver, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.33012\/2022.18515"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanch, J., Chen, Y., Phelts, R., Walter, T., and Enge, P. (2016, January 12\u201316). Mitigation of short duration satellite outages for Advanced RAIM and other integrity systems based on GNSS. Proceedings of the 29th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2016), Portland, OR, USA.","DOI":"10.33012\/2016.14685"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1002\/navi.303","article-title":"From pseudorange overbounding to integrity risk overbounding","volume":"66","author":"Nikiforov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Navigation"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, Y., She, J., Odeh, A., and Bian, B. (2019, January 16\u201320). Horizontal advanced RAIM performance sensitivity to mischaracterizations in integrity support message values. Proceedings of the 32nd International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2019), Miami, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.33012\/2019.16937"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3974","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2021.3082665","article-title":"Integrity risk under temporal correlation for horizontal ARAIM","volume":"57","author":"Bang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/navi.334","article-title":"Multi-constellation ARAIM exploiting satellite motion","volume":"67","author":"Joerger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Navigation"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Zhai, Y. (2018). Ensuring Navigation Integrity and Continuity Using Multi-Constellation GNSS. [Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463315000983","article-title":"Integrity risk minimisation in RAIM part 1: Optimal detector design","volume":"69","author":"Joerger","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Navig."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463314000241","article-title":"Bayesian fault-tolerant position estimator and integrity risk bound for GNSS navigation","volume":"67","author":"Chan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Navig."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Cassel, R. (2017). Real-Time ARAIM Using GPS, GLONASS, and GALILEO. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2018.05.015","article-title":"ARAIM with BDS in the Asia-Pacific region","volume":"62","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2015.10.046","article-title":"Limited sensitivity analysis of ARAIM availability for LPV-200 over Australia using real data","volume":"57","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/2\/286\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:44:09Z","timestamp":1760103849000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/2\/286"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16020286"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16020286","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]}}}