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biodiversity, regulating biogeochemical cycles, and sustaining human life; however, their resilience against climate change and anthropogenic stressors remains poorly understood. Recently, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have become a vital monitoring tool, bridging the gap between satellite imagery and ground-based observations in coastal and marine environments with high spatial resolution. The dynamic nature of water surfaces poses a challenge for photogrammetric techniques due to the absence of fixed reference points. Addressing these issues, this study introduces an innovative, efficient, and accurate workflow for georeferencing and mosaicking that overcomes previous limitations. Using open-source Python libraries, this workflow employs direct georeferencing to produce a georeferenced orthomosaic that integrates multiple UAV captures, and this has been tested in multiple locations worldwide with optical RGB, thermal, and multispectral imagery. The best case achieved a Root Mean Square Error of 4.52 m and a standard deviation of 2.51 m for georeferencing accuracy, thus preserving the UAV\u2019s centimeter-scale spatial resolution. This open-source workflow represents a significant advancement in the monitoring of marine and coastal processes, resolving a major limitation facing UAV technology in the remote observation of local-scale phenomena over water surfaces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16020290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T03:21:41Z","timestamp":1704943301000},"page":"290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Enhancing Georeferencing and Mosaicking Techniques over Water Surfaces with High-Resolution Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8868-9302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Rom\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 11510 Puerto Real, Spain"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Heredia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 11510 Puerto Real, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4852-5848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna E.","family":"Windle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"},{"name":"Science Systems and Applications Inc., Lanham, MD 20706, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4375-1982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Tovar-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 11510 Puerto Real, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8919-0060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 11510 Puerto Real, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15614","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15614","article-title":"Divergent biophysical controls of aquatic CO2 and CH4 in the world\u2019s two largest rivers","volume":"5","author":"Borges","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. 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