{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T07:46:09Z","timestamp":1767771969040,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the increasing use of the strategy and group target attack method in the modern battlefield, multi-target inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging simultaneously with high efficiency draws more and more attention, which gives a promising prospect for aerospace target detection and recognition in the multi-target scenario. To overcome the shortcomings of traditional multi-target imaging with one beam at one pulse repetition time (PRT) based on phase array radar (PAR), this paper proposes a novel multi-target imaging waveform design method based on the newly full digital array radar (DAR). Firstly, we propose using radar waveform diversity with 2D orthogonality to realize multi-target ISAR imaging with high imaging quality and efficiency. Then, to meet the constant modulus requirement for maximizing the transmitting power, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) chirp theory is proposed to directly generate the transmit waveform instead of the traditional optimization method with the nonconvex problem for waveform design. Based on time-variant weighted and time diversity technology, a of group transmit waveforms is designed, which can form multiple beams simultaneously and make the signals arriving at different targets approximately orthogonal. Finally, simulations and experiments are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16020308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T12:56:33Z","timestamp":1704977793000},"page":"308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A New Waveform Design Method for Multi-Target Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging Based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Chirp"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xuebo","family":"Zou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Guanghu","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3404-5445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Yongsheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H.-S., Shin, B.-S., Thomasson, J.A., Wang, T., Zhang, Z., and Han, X. (2022). Development of Multiple UAV Collaborative Driving Systems for Improving Field Phenotyping. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22041423"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, H., Zhang, S., Gong, F., Wang, W., and Tian, H. (2018, January 22\u201327). Imaging of Moving Target for Cooperative Sar Between High-Orbit and Low-Orbit Satellites. Proceedings of the IGARSS 2018\u20142018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2018.8519038"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3131491","article-title":"Waveform Design Based ECCM Scheme Against Interrupted Sampling Repeater Jamming for Wideband MIMO Radar in Multiple Targets Scenario","volume":"22","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, J., Song, Y., Jiang, N., Xie, Z., Fan, C., and Huang, X. (2023). Enhanced Doppler Resolution and Sidelobe Suppression Performance for Golay Complementary Waveforms. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15092452"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2022.108914","article-title":"Generalized waveform design for sidelobe reduction in MIMO radar systems","volume":"206","author":"Raei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cja.2014.09.001","article-title":"Simultaneous ISAR imaging of group targets flying in formation","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Aeronaut."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1109\/7.670330","article-title":"Joint time-frequency transform for radar range-Doppler imaging","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, L., Zhang, W., Zhang, S., and Zhou, B. (2010, January 10\u201314). Radon transform and the modified envelope correlation method for ISAR imaging of multi-target. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Radar Conference, Arlington, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2010.5494543"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2160185","article-title":"A Novel Method for Imaging of Group Targets Moving in a Formation","volume":"50","author":"Xueru","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, D., Su, F., and Wu, J. (2012, January 16\u201318). Multi-target ISAR imaging based on image segmentation and Short-time Fourier Transform. Proceedings of the 2012 5th International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, Chongqing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CISP.2012.6469920"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2478808","article-title":"A Novel Method for Multi-Targets ISAR Imaging Based on Particle Swarm Optimization and Modified CLEAN Technique","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., and Su, F. (2022, January 5\u20137). A Multi-Target ISAR Imaging Method Based on Zhang-Suen Thinning and Radon Transform. Proceedings of the 2022 15th International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, BioMedical Engineering and Informatics (CISP-BMEI), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CISP-BMEI56279.2022.9980197"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Xu, N., Li, N., and Guo, Z. (2023). A Multi-Domain Joint Novel Method for ISAR Imaging of Multi-Ship Targets. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15194878"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"5108716","article-title":"Joint Translational Motion Compensation for Multitarget ISAR Imaging Based on Integrated Kalman Filter","volume":"61","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s13634-016-0327-1","article-title":"Multi-target simultaneous ISAR imaging based on compressed sensing","volume":"2016","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5096","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2015.2449251","article-title":"An Adaptive ISAR-Imaging-Considered Task Scheduling Algorithm for Multi-Function Phased Array Radars","volume":"63","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4151","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2007.894398","article-title":"On Probing Signal Design for MIMO Radar","volume":"55","author":"Stoica","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2007.916139","article-title":"Waveform Synthesis for Diversity-Based Transmit Beampattern Design","volume":"56","author":"Stoica","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, H., Jiu, B., Li, K., and Liu, H. (2021). Joint Design of the Transmit Beampattern and Angular Waveform for Colocated MIMO Radar under a Constant Modulus Constraint. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13173392"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2010.2091410","article-title":"Wideband MIMO Systems: Signal Design for Transmit Beampattern Synthesis","volume":"59","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"8545","article-title":"Wideband MIMO Radar Waveform Design for Multiple Target Imaging","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2019.02.022","article-title":"Wideband MIMO radar beampattern shaping with space-frequency nulling","volume":"160","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, X., Jin, G., He, F., and Zhang, Y. (2023, January 12\u201315). A Novel MIMO Radar Waveform Design Method for Multi-Target ISAR Imaging. Proceedings of the 2023 6th International Conference on Electronics Technology (ICET), Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICET58434.2023.10211406"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3298098","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2023.3298098","article-title":"Wideband MIMO Radar Waveform Design Under Multiple Criteria","volume":"20","author":"Chu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6198","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2740038","article-title":"Multi-Target Radar Imaging Based on Phased-MIMO Technique\u2014Part II: Adaptive Resource Allocation","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199759","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3034743","article-title":"ISAR Imaging of Multiple Targets with Time-Delay Receive Array","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46092","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2978904","article-title":"Task Scheduling for Multi-Target ISAR Imaging in Radar Network","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19570","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3090053","article-title":"Joint Optimization of Time and Aperture Resource Allocation Strategy for Multi-Target ISAR Imaging in Radar Sensor Network","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11192","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2936423","article-title":"ISAR Imaging Task Allocation for Multi-Target in Radar Network Based on Potential Game","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2012.2213577","article-title":"A Novel OFDM Chirp Waveform Scheme for Use of Multiple Transmitters in SAR","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/2\/308\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:45:03Z","timestamp":1760103903000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/2\/308"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16020308"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16020308","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]}}}