{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:37:41Z","timestamp":1760143061001,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["No. 42276011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 42276011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In a SAR image acquired by the ERS-2 satellite, crossed \u201cX-shape\u201d internal solitary waves (ISWs) south to Dongsha Island are found to be a wave\u2013wave interaction composed of five solitons: two head waves, two tail waves, and the overlapped part. To explain this remote sensing phenomenon, based on a high-resolution three-dimensional MIT general circulation model (MITgcm) using realistic topography and tidal forcing, the \u201cX-shape\u201d internal waves are reproduced at the same location. The development processes of the waves indicate that the \u201cX-shape\u201d ISWs are two waves diffracted from one internal wave southeast to Dongsha Island. During the propagation, the amplitude of their overlapped part of the \u201cX-shape\u201d ISWs becomes significantly larger than the sum of the amplitudes of both head waves, which proves that nonlinear wave\u2013wave interaction has occurred. Based on wave\u2013wave interaction theory, the theoretical maximum value of the amplitude of the overlapped part at the initial moment is calculated as 14.12 m, which is in good agreement with the model results of 14 m. Meanwhile, the variation of the theoretical amplitude of the overlapped part is basically consistent with that of the modeled one, confirming the occurrence of the wave\u2013wave interaction. Besides, when the waves propagate over varying water depths, the type of the wave\u2013wave interaction can change rather than being fixed from the start.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16020337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T04:54:38Z","timestamp":1705294478000},"page":"337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Case Study of Wave\u2013Wave Interaction South to Dongsha Island in the South China Sea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1374-9163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhi","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China"},{"name":"Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES) and Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4064-8720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xueen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES) and Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}]},{"given":"Chunxin","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematical Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.5194\/os-19-581-2023","article-title":"Physical processes and biological productivity in the upwelling regions of the tropical Atlantic","volume":"19","author":"Brandt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1984)014<1129:OTBOIW>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"On the Behavior of Internal Waves in the Wakes of Storms","volume":"14","author":"Gill","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. 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