{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T13:51:44Z","timestamp":1761745904987,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Project","award":["2019YFE0123300","2022YFF0711400","2022YFF0503100","42372277","41772346","ZR2023MD010","XDB41000000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0123300","2022YFF0711400","2022YFF0503100","42372277","41772346","ZR2023MD010","XDB41000000"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation","award":["2019YFE0123300","2022YFF0711400","2022YFF0503100","42372277","41772346","ZR2023MD010","XDB41000000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0123300","2022YFF0711400","2022YFF0503100","42372277","41772346","ZR2023MD010","XDB41000000"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFE0123300","2022YFF0711400","2022YFF0503100","42372277","41772346","ZR2023MD010","XDB41000000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0123300","2022YFF0711400","2022YFF0503100","42372277","41772346","ZR2023MD010","XDB41000000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Strategic Leading Science and Technology Special Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2019YFE0123300","2022YFF0711400","2022YFF0503100","42372277","41772346","ZR2023MD010","XDB41000000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0123300","2022YFF0711400","2022YFF0503100","42372277","41772346","ZR2023MD010","XDB41000000"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Water ice has been found in the permanently shadowed regions of impact craters around the lunar South Pole, which makes them ideal areas for in situ exploration missions. However, near the rim of impact craters, construction and exploration activities may cause slope instability. As a result, a better understanding of the shear strength of lunar soil under higher stress conditions is required. This paper mainly uses the finite element method to analyze slope stability to determine the position and shape of the slip surface and assess the safety factor. The height and gradient of the slope, the shear strength of lunar soil, and the lunar surface mission all influence the stability of the slope. We also analyze the soil mechanical properties of a soil slope adjacent to the traverse path of the Chang\u2019E-4 Yutu-2 rover. Determining the stability of the slope at the lunar South Pole impact crater under various loading conditions will enhance the implementation of the lunar surface construction program. In this respect, this paper simulates a lunar mission landing at the Shackleton and Shoemaker craters and indicates that areas with higher cohesion lunar soil may be more stable for exploration in the more complex terrain of the South Pole.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16020371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T04:16:56Z","timestamp":1705465016000},"page":"371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Slope Stability Analysis and Soil Mechanical Properties of Impact Craters around the Lunar South Pole"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yantong","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264200, China"},{"name":"College of Geoexploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8369-871X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264200, China"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264200, China"}]},{"given":"Shengbo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geoexploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5292.1495","article-title":"The Clementine bistatic radar experiment","volume":"274","author":"Nozette","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5382.1496","article-title":"Fluxes of fast and epithermal neutrons from lunar prospector: Evidence for water ice at the lunar poles","volume":"281","author":"Feldman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2017.08.004","article-title":"Geological characterization of the three high-priority landing sites for the Luna-Glob mission","volume":"162","author":"Ivanov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2010.10.030","article-title":"Illumination conditions of the lunar polar regions using LOLA topography","volume":"211","author":"Mazarico","year":"2011","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GL088680","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL088680","article-title":"Stratigraphy of the Von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n Crater Based on Chang\u2019E-4 Lunar Penetrating Radar Data","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett. Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JE005320","article-title":"Granular avalanches on the Moon: Mass-wasting conditions, processes, and features","volume":"122","author":"Kokelaar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/jgre.20043","article-title":"Gullies and landslides on the Moon: Evidence for dry-granular flows","volume":"118","author":"Keerthi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2013.06.015","article-title":"Mass wasting features on the Moon\u2014How active is the lunar surface?","volume":"376","author":"Xiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-010-9634-2","article-title":"Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) Instrument Overview","volume":"150","author":"Robinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Space Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12764","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL085252","article-title":"Topographic Evolution of Von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n Crater Revealed by the Lunar Rover Yutu-2","volume":"46","author":"Di","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott, C.R. (1994). An Introduction to Soil Mechanics and Foundations, Chapman & Hall. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-7250-7"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1955.5.1.7","article-title":"The use of the Slip Circle in the Stability Analysis of Slopes","volume":"5","author":"Bishop","year":"1955","journal-title":"Geotechnique"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1975.25.4.671","article-title":"Associated and non-associated visco-plasticity and plasticity in soil mechanics","volume":"25","author":"Zienkiewicz","year":"1975","journal-title":"Geotechnique"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Potts, D.M., and Zdravkovic, L. (2001). Finite Element Analysis in Geotechnical Engineering Application, Thomas Telford.","DOI":"10.1680\/feaigea.27831"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1999.49.6.835","article-title":"Slope stability analysis by strength reduction","volume":"49","author":"Dawson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Geotechnique"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2015.07.019","article-title":"Slope stability analysis by means of finite element limit analysis and finite element strength reduction techniques. Part II: Back analyses of a case history","volume":"70","author":"Tschuchnigg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, T., He, T., Liu, C., and Li, L. (2023). Soil deformation under cyclic horizontal load in sand: Insights from experiments. J. Eng. Res., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jer.2023.12.010"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, C., Shi, Z., Li, B., and Liu, M. (2023). A discontinuous smooth particle hydrodynamics method for modeling deformation and failure processes of fractured rocks. J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrmge.2023.11.011"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2023.107893","article-title":"Collapse caldera walls: Mechanical controls on slope failure and morphology","volume":"442","author":"Harnett","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trgeo.2023.101156","article-title":"High fill slope collapse: Stability evaluation based on finite element limit analyses","volume":"44","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transp. Geotech."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2023.105556","article-title":"Dynamic stability analysis of jointed rock slopes using the combined finite-discrete element method (FDEM)","volume":"160","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2022.106480","article-title":"An innovative partition method for predicting shallow landslides by combining the slope stability analysis with a dynamic neural network model","volume":"217","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2011.07.017","article-title":"Global survey of lunar regolith depths from LROC images","volume":"215","author":"Bart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaay6898","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aay6898","article-title":"The Moon\u2019s farside shallow subsurface structure unveiled by Chang\u2019E-4 Lunar Penetrating Radar","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Heiken, G.H.V., David, T., and French, B.M. (1991). Lunar Sourcebook, a User\u2019s Guide to the Moon, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2019.05.029","article-title":"Geological characterization of the Chang\u2019e-4 landing area on the lunar farside","volume":"333","author":"Qiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2019.113508","article-title":"The regolith properties of the Chang\u2019e-5 landing region and the ground drilling experiments using lunar regolith simulants","volume":"337","author":"Qian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.86.4.247","article-title":"Topographic and Geomorphological Mapping and Analysis of the Chang\u2019E-4 Landing Site on the Far Side of the Moon","volume":"86","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GL090935","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL090935","article-title":"Ejecta from the Orientale Basin at the Chang\u2019E-4 Landing Site","volume":"48","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s41550-020-1197-x","article-title":"Lunar regolith and substructure at Chang\u2019E-4 landing site in South Pole\u2013Aitken basin","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Astron."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GL090935","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL089499","article-title":"Physical and Mechanical Characteristics of Lunar Soil at the Chang\u2019E-4 Landing Site","volume":"47","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12278-3","article-title":"Descent trajectory reconstruction and landing site positioning of Chang\u2019E-4 on the lunar farside","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2021.114327","article-title":"Geochemistry of the Von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n crater floor and thickness of the non-mare ejecta over the Chang\u2019e-4 landing area","volume":"359","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012049","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/658\/1\/012049","article-title":"Analysis of Topography and Composition of the Von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n Impact Crater","volume":"658","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12783","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL084458","article-title":"Comparison of Dielectric Properties and Structure of Lunar Regolith at Chang\u2019e-3 and Chang\u2019e-4 Landing Sites Revealed by Ground-Penetrating Radar","volume":"46","author":"Lai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2022, July 17). Around the Moon with NASA\u2019s First Launch of SLS with Orion, Available online: https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/missions\/artemis\/around-the-moon-with-nasas-first-launch-of-sls-with-orion\/."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"232","article-title":"Proposals for lunar south polar region soft landing sites selection","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Deep Space Explor."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/2\/371\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:48:34Z","timestamp":1760104114000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/2\/371"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16020371"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16020371","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]]}}}