{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T21:39:56Z","timestamp":1774647596445,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Project of Ministry of Science and Technology of China","award":["2023YFF0806004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF0806004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High levels of sulfur dioxide (SO2) due to human activities pose a serious air pollution issue in China, especially in urban agglomerations. However, limited research has investigated the impact of anthropogenic emissions on higher SO2 concentrations in urban regions compared to rural areas in China. Here, we analyzed the trends in SO2 concentrations from 1980 to 2021 in China using the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2) dataset. SO2 column concentrations from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) and the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) during the years 2007\u20132021 were also examined for validation and comparison purposes. Eight representative areas, including four urban regions (Pearl River Delta [PRD], Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei [BTH], Yangtze River Delta [YRD], and Sichuan Basin [SCB]) and four rural regions (Northeast Region [NER], Mongolian Region [MR], West Region [WR], and Tibetan Plateau Region [TR]) were selected for the analysis. Overall, a significant but fluctuating increase in SO2 concentrations over China was observed during 1980\u20132021. During 1980\u20131997 and 2000\u20132010, there was an increase in SO2 concentration, while during 1997\u20132000 and 2010\u20132021, a decreasing trend was observed. The average increase in SO2 concentration was approximately 16 times higher in urban regions than in the rural background. We also found that SO2 dynamics were highly associated with expansion of urban areas, population density, and gross domestic product. Nonetheless, since 2007, SO2 concentrations have exhibited a downward trend, which is mainly attributed to the air pollution policies implemented by the Chinese government. Our findings highlight the need for further studies on the impact of SO2 on regional climate change in China.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16020391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T11:28:46Z","timestamp":1705577326000},"page":"391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Long-Term Dynamics of Atmospheric Sulfur Dioxide in Urban and Rural Regions of China: Urbanization and Policy Impacts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0695-3895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Abdallah","family":"Shaheen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9312-9246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robabeh","family":"Yousefi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Quansheng","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4712-2251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renguang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310030, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6307-3846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos","family":"Lelieveld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1538-1614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitris G.","family":"Kaskaoutis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, 50100 Kozani, Greece"}]},{"given":"Zifeng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8473-2799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Flue Gas Desulfurization, Chengdu 610065, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1765-6789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuyu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steinfeld, J.I. 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