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This study assessed the spatiotemporal dynamics of ESs in the YZRB and the YRB between 2001 and 2021, comprehensively encompassing essential aspects such as water yield (WY), carbon sequestration (CS), soil conservation (SC), and habitat quality (HQ) while also analyzing the trade-offs and synergies among these ESs at the grid cells. The GeoDetector was employed to ascertain individual or interactive effects of natural and anthropogenic factors on these ESs and their trade-offs\/synergies. The results showed that (1) from 2001 to 2021, the four ESs exhibited significant spatial disparities in the distribution within two basins, with the overall trend of ESs mainly increasing. YZRB consistently exhibited substantially higher ES values than the YRB. (2) Complex trade-offs and synergies among these ESs were apparent in both basins, characterized by distinct spatial heterogeneity. The spatial relationships of WY\u2013CS, WY\u2013SC, CS\u2013SC, and CS\u2013HQ were mainly synergistic. (3) Precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, elevation, land use and land cover (LULC), and slope influenced ESs in both basins. Notably, interactive factors, particularly the interactions involving LULC and other factors, demonstrated more robust explanatory power for ESs and their trade-offs\/synergies than individual drivers. These findings significantly affect the refined ecosystem management and sustainable development decision-making in large rivers or regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16020411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T06:49:31Z","timestamp":1705906171000},"page":"411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Mapping and Analyzing the Spatiotemporal Patterns and Drivers of Multiple Ecosystem Services: A Case Study in the Yangtze and Yellow River Basins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7044-0242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanhe","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"School of Geographical Science and Tourism, Zhaotong University, Zhaotong 657000, China"},{"name":"Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4088-4790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhouxuan","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy"},{"name":"School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6036-459X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Bruzzone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9263-1739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huan","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Science and Tourism, Zhaotong University, Zhaotong 657000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2021.12.009","article-title":"Pathways for Cross-Boundary Effects of Biodiversity on Ecosystem Functioning","volume":"37","author":"Gessner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. 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