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Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2019A1515011268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019A1515011268"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["202102020380"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102020380"]}]},{"name":"the Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["42374022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42374022"]}]},{"name":"the Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["42304008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42304008"]}]},{"name":"the Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["202103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202103"]}]},{"name":"the Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["CEAIEF20220403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEAIEF20220403"]}]},{"name":"the Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["MESTA-2020-B011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MESTA-2020-B011"]}]},{"name":"the Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["2019A1515011268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019A1515011268"]}]},{"name":"the Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["202102020380"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102020380"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The geographical location of Yunnan province is at the upstream area of water vapor transportation from the Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea to inland China. Understanding the spatiotemporal variations of water vapor over this region holds significant importance. We utilized the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data collected from 12 stations situated in Yunnan, which are part of the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China, to retrieve hourly precipitable water vapor (PWV) data from 2011 to 2022. The retrieved PWV data at Station KMIN were evaluated by the nearby radiosonde data, and the results show that the mean bias and RMS of the differences between the two datasets are 0.08 and 1.78 mm, respectively. Average PWV values at these stations are in the range of 11.77 to 33.53 mm, which decrease from the southwest to the north of Yunnan and are negatively correlated with the stations\u2019 heights and latitudes. Differences between average PWV in the wet season and dry season range from 12 to 27 mm. These differences tend to increase as the average PWV increases. The yearly rates of PWV variations, averaging 0.18 mm\/year, are all positive for the stations, indicating a year-by-year increase in water vapor. The amplitudes of the PWV annual cycles are 9.75\u201320.94 mm. The spatial variation of these amplitudes is similar to that of the average PWV over the region. Generally, monthly average PWV values increase from January to July and decrease from July to December, and the growth rate is less than the decline rate. Average diurnal PWV variations show unimodal PWV distributions over the course of the day at the stations except Station YNRL, where bimodal PWV distribution was observed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16020412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T06:49:31Z","timestamp":1705906171000},"page":"412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Multiscale Spatiotemporal Variations of GNSS-Derived Precipitable Water Vapor over Yunnan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3758-775X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minghua","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Space Navigation and Positioning Techniques, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"},{"name":"Technology Innovation Center for Integration Applications in Remote Sensing and Navigation, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuochen","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Du","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nature Resource and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengzhi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Technology Innovation Center for Integration Applications in Remote Sensing and Navigation, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Satellite observations of the water vapor greenhouse effect and column longwave cooling rates: Relative roles of the continuum and vibration-rotation to pure rotation bands","volume":"109","author":"Anand","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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