{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T10:36:19Z","timestamp":1760524579849,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42230609","41875007","2023LASW-B22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42230609","41875007","2023LASW-B22"]}]},{"name":"Open Grants of the State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather","award":["42230609","41875007","2023LASW-B22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42230609","41875007","2023LASW-B22"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Based on comprehensive observations, including total lightning, Doppler radar, precipitation, and other meteorological data, the variations in thunderstorm properties and lightning activity of different categories for thunderstorms over the Beijing area during five warm seasons were investigated. According to the morphology of radar echo, thunderstorms were classified into five categories, including single convective cells, multi-cells, linear mesoscale convective system (MCS), nonlinear MCS, and weak convective precipitation system (WCPS). The diurnal variability of lightning, thunderstorm occurrence, and precipitation showed late-afternoon maxima, with the peak time of lightning frequency occurring before that of precipitation. Despite WCPS having the lowest lightning frequency, the percentage of +CG\/CG was the highest with large peak currents. The convective available potential energy (CAPE) of linear MCS, multi-cells, nonlinear MCS, single cells, and WCPS categories followed a pattern from largest to smallest. Meanwhile, warm cloud depth (WCD) exhibited a smaller value in the well-organized thunderstorm categories and a larger value in the WCPS. The topographic forcing mechanism and large wind gradient along mountain slopes facilitated convection occurrence and enhancement, further promoting lightning production. Meanwhile, the nocturnal convection mechanism significantly impacted the activity of nonlinear MCS and WCPS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16030447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T07:42:16Z","timestamp":1706082136000},"page":"447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Convective Properties and Lightning Activity in Different Categories of Thunderstorms over the Beijing Area during Five Warm Seasons"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Dongxia","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster (CICFEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3126-161X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7418-631X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuling","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"given":"Hongbo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"given":"Dongfang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning in severe and nonsevere storms over the central United States from 1989\u20131998","volume":"108","author":"Carey","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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