{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T20:47:33Z","timestamp":1771015653982,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["BSRF202205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BSRF202205"]}]},{"name":"The Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["2017YFD0300400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFD0300400"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of China","award":["BSRF202205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BSRF202205"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of China","award":["2017YFD0300400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFD0300400"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent decades, China has experienced substantial climate change and significant vegetation greenness due to the extensive implementation of artificial ecological restoration programs. However, the quantitative contributions of climatic and anthropogenic drivers to the national variations in associated evapotranspiration (ET) and gross primary productivity (GPP) over China at different climate zoning sub-regions remain unclear. Based on the analysis of climate factor and vegetation disturbance trends created by anthropogenic activities, this study constructed a remote sensing-based ecological model consisting of Penman\u2013Monteith\u2013Leuning (PML) and light use efficiency (LUE) components. The proposed model simulated the spatiotemporal changes in ET and GPP between 1999 and 2018 over China. The contributions of climatic factors and anthropogenic activities to ET and GPP variations were quantitatively calculated by ridge regression. The results show that (1) both interannual ET and GPP markedly increased, by 1.32 mm yr\u22121 and 8.01 g C m\u22122 yr\u22121, respectively; (2) vegetation changes due to anthropogenic disturbance made the dominant contribution to GPP variations over China, while the dominant factor influencing ET changes differed by sub-region due to the joint effects of vegetation and climate; (3) temperature and precipitation positively affected ET, while wind speed, humidity, and solar radiation negatively contributed to ET in most parts of Mainland China. These findings may provide a workable, scientific reference for further ecological restoration decision-making processes in China.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16030475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T08:56:01Z","timestamp":1706259361000},"page":"475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Distinct Contributions of Climate Change and Anthropogenic Activities to Evapotranspiration and Gross Primary Production Variations over Mainland China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yingchun","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Spatial Information Engineering, Beijing 100038, China"}]},{"given":"Shengtian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 050024, China"}]},{"given":"Haigen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.4240","article-title":"Identifying trend shifts in vegetation greenness in China from 1982 to 2015","volume":"33","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Land Degrad. 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