{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:40:26Z","timestamp":1760143226398,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41403099, 41904092","2023YFC3012005-1","724"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41403099, 41904092","2023YFC3012005-1","724"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program","award":["41403099, 41904092","2023YFC3012005-1","724"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41403099, 41904092","2023YFC3012005-1","724"]}]},{"name":"IGCP Project","award":["41403099, 41904092","2023YFC3012005-1","724"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41403099, 41904092","2023YFC3012005-1","724"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Significant amounts of gases are emitted from the earth\u2019s crust into the atmosphere before, during, and after major earthquakes. To understand the relationship between gas emissions, earthquakes, and tectonics, we conducted a thorough investigation using satellite data from AQUA AIRS. We focused on three major earthquakes: the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan MW 7.9 earthquake in China\u2019s intra-continental plate, the 26 December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman MW 9.1 earthquake in Indonesia Island, and the 4 April 2010 Baja California MW 7.2 earthquake in Mexico\u2019s active plate margin. Anomalies in the total column (TotCO) and multiple layers (CO VMR) of carbon monoxide were observed along fault zones, with peak values at the epicenter areas. Furthermore, temporal anomalies of TotCO and CO VMR appeared in the month of the Wenchuan earthquake in the intra-continent, three months prior to the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake and one month before the Baja California earthquake in the active plate margins, respectively. Notably, the duration of CO anomalies before earthquakes in active plate margins was longer than that in the intra-continental region, and the intensity of the CO anomaly in active plate margins was higher than that in the intra-continental region. The results show a profound correlation with both seismic and tectonic activities, which was particularly evident in the earthquake\u2019s magnitude, rupture length, and the tectonic settings surrounding the epicenter. Furthermore, the type of the fault at which the earthquake occurred also played an important role in these CO anomaly variations. These findings support the identification of earthquake precursors and may help improve our understanding of earthquake forecasting and tectonics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16030480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T08:56:01Z","timestamp":1706259361000},"page":"480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["CO Emissions Associated with Three Major Earthquakes Occurring in Diverse Tectonic Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yueju","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The United Laboratory of High-Pressure Physics and Earthquake Science, Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China"}]},{"given":"Jianan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The United Laboratory of High-Pressure Physics and Earthquake Science, Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China"}]},{"given":"Zhaojun","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The United Laboratory of High-Pressure Physics and Earthquake Science, Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The United Laboratory of High-Pressure Physics and Earthquake Science, Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3115","DOI":"10.1029\/JB085iB06p03115","article-title":"Tectonic relations of carbon dioxide discharges and earthquakes","volume":"85","author":"Irwin","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. 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