{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T21:45:46Z","timestamp":1769636746972,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,28]],"date-time":"2024-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"National Science and Technology Council, the Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC 111-2621-M-008-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 111-2621-M-008-003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"National Science and Technology Council, the Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC 112-MOEA-M-008-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-MOEA-M-008-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"National Science and Technology Council, the Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC 112-2123-M-008-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2123-M-008-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"National Science and Technology Council, the Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC 112-2122-M-007-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2122-M-007-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Choushui River groundwater basin (CRGB) in Yunlin County, Taiwan, is a significant groundwater source for the western part of the region. However, increasing groundwater demand and human activities have triggered a potential crisis due to overexploitation. Therefore, groundwater potential zone (GWPZ) maps are crucial for mapping groundwater resources and water resource management. This study employs the normalized index\u2013overlay method and fuzzy extended analytical hierarchy process (FE-AHP) to map GWPZs cost-effectively. The methodology objectively incorporates weightings from various thematic layers by normalizing and correlating parameters with observed groundwater availability (GA). Site-specific observations, including aquifer thickness, depth to the groundwater level, and porosity, inform GA calculations. Seven comprehensive layers derived from remote sensing (RS) data are processed to obtain weightings and ratings for the groundwater potential index (GWPI) in the CRGB. Selected parameters are categorized into hydrological processes, human interventions, geological, and surface profiles. Hydrological processes include precipitation, modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI), and drainage density. Human interventions consist of the enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and normalized difference building index (NDBI). Surface profiles encompass the terrain ruggedness index (TRI) and slope, enhancing the study\u2019s multi-criteria approach. The observed GA validates the GWPZ accuracy, classifying zones into five categories. According to the GWPI of FE-AHP, about 59.56% of the CRGB area can be categorized as \u201cmoderate\u201d to \u201cvery good\u201d potential groundwater recharge zones. Pearson\u2019s correlation coefficient between GWPI and GA, based on FE-AHP, outperforms the conventional AHP. This RS-based approach efficiently evaluates GA in aquifers with limited wells, highlighting crucial zones in CRGB\u2019s proximal-fan and southeastern mid-fan for informed groundwater management strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16030502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T05:14:32Z","timestamp":1706591672000},"page":"502","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cost-Effective Groundwater Potential Mapping by Integrating Multiple Remote Sensing Data and the Index\u2013Overlay Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Lamtupa","family":"Nainggolan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Earth System Science Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Applied Geology, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan"},{"name":"Education and Culture Board of Medan City Government, North Sumatra 20233, Indonesia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2742-3308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuen-Fa","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Applied Geology, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Environmental Studies, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8642-7472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yahya","family":"Darmawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indonesian College of Meteorology Climatology and Geophysics (STMKG), Banten 15221, Indonesia"}]},{"given":"Wei-Cheng","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 701, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4312-9424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I-Hsian","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Studies, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Chi-Ping","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Studies, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Hoang","family":"Hiep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Applied Geology, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1007\/s12040-013-0309-8","article-title":"Delineation of groundwater potential zone: An AHP\/ANP approach","volume":"122","author":"Agarwal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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