{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:41:20Z","timestamp":1760143280378,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42071298","2022AH030025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071298","2022AH030025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Anhui Province\u2019s University Science Project for Distinguished Young Scholars","award":["42071298","2022AH030025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071298","2022AH030025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Remote sensing-based models usually have difficulty in generating spatio-temporally continuous terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET) due to cloud cover and model failures. To overcome this problem, machine learning methods have been widely used to reconstruct ET. Therefore, studies comparing and evaluating the accuracy and effectiveness of reconstruction among different machine learning methods at the basin scale are necessary. In this study, four popular machine learning methods, including deep forest (DF), deep neural network (DNN), random forest (RF) and extreme gradient boosting (XGB), were used to reconstruct the ET product, addressing gaps resulting from cloud cover and model failure. The ET reconstructed by the four methods was evaluated and compared for Heihe River Basin. The results showed that the four methods performed well for Heihe River Basin, but the RF method was particularly robust. It not only performed well compared with ground measurements (R = 0.73) but also demonstrated the ability to fully reconstruct gaps generated by the TSEB model across the entire basin. Validation based on ground measurements showed that the DNN and XGB models performed well (R &gt; 0.70). However, some gaps still existed in the desert after reconstruction using the DNN and XGB models, especially for the XGB model. The DF model filled these gaps throughout the basin, but this model had lower consistency compared with ground measurements (R = 0.66) and yielded many low values. The results of this study suggest that machine learning methods have considerable potential in the reconstruction of ET at the basin scale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16030509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T05:14:32Z","timestamp":1706591672000},"page":"509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Comparison of Different Machine Learning Methods to Reconstruct Daily Evapotranspiration Time Series Estimated by Thermal\u2013Infrared Remote Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Gengle","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}]},{"given":"Lisheng","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7624-8860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Long","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}]},{"given":"Sinuo","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09396","article-title":"Recent decline in the global land evapotranspiration trend due to limited moisture supply","volume":"467","author":"Jung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2010.02.004","article-title":"Investigating soil moisture-climate interactions in a changing climate: A review","volume":"99","author":"Seneviratne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Earth Sci. 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