{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T03:42:33Z","timestamp":1774928553603,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Third Xinjiang Comprehensive Scientific Research Project on Comprehensive Evaluation and Sustainable Utilization of Land Resources in the Turpan-Hami basin","award":["2022xjkk1105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022xjkk1105"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, rapid urban expansion and increasing ecological sensitivity in arid zones have led to extreme imbalances in ecosystem development. Therefore, there is an urgent need to balance the dual goals of synergistic development of ecosystem services (ESs) and increased urbanization. Previous studies have analyzed the impacts of urbanization on ESs but have selected a limited number of indicators and have not focused on the impacts of urbanization on ES pair interactions. In this study, six key ESs (water yield, habitat quality, soil conservation, carbon storage, carbon sequestration and oxygen production, and food production) and total ecosystem services (TESs) were selected, and trends in the temporal and spatial relationship between trade-offs and synergies were analyzed over 20 years. This study refined the living standards urbanization indicator and evaluated the impact of urbanization and multiple drivers on ESs and ES pair interrelationships based on geo-detectors and segmented linear regression. The results show that there is heterogeneity in the overall and regional ES trade-offs and synergistic relationships, and water yield (WY)-related ES pairs generally exhibit synergistic relationships at the overall level. Spatially, however, the trade-off ratio exceeds the synergy ratio. Segmented linear regression results show that the relationship between all the urbanization indicators and TESs demonstrates an upward trend followed by a downward trend. Measures such as the increase in man-made oases in the early stages of urbanization did have some positive effects on TESs. However, as urbanization increased, these positive effects were quickly offset by the negative effects of overdevelopment and environmental degradation, leading to an overall decline in TESs. Urbanization of construction land (CL) had the most direct impact on ecosystem services. In summary, due to special climatic constraints, arid zones are more sensitive than other ecosystems, and urban development is strictly limited by oasis capacity. As cities expand, attention needs to be focused on protecting ecological land and limiting the expansion of CL to promote the synergistic development of urbanization and ecosystem services in arid zones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16030520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T05:14:32Z","timestamp":1706591672000},"page":"520","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Spatiotemporal Analysis of the Interactions between Ecosystem Services in Arid Areas and Their Responses to Urbanization and Various Driving Factors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ziyun","family":"Qiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surveying and Geoinformation Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China"},{"name":"Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Monitoring and Improving around Poyang Lake of Ministry of Natural Resources, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China"}]},{"given":"Yunlan","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surveying and Geoinformation Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Monitoring and Improving around Poyang Lake of Ministry of Natural Resources, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China"}]},{"given":"Kefa","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Yanfei","family":"Kou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"College of Earth Sciences, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaozhen","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2018.06.004","article-title":"A global meta-analysis on the monetary valuation of dryland ecosystem services: The role of socio-economic, environmental and methodological indicators","volume":"32","author":"Schild","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.5194\/se-7-341-2016","article-title":"Modeling the contributing factors of desertification and evaluating their relationships to the soil degradation process through geomatic techniques","volume":"7","author":"Shoba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.2775","article-title":"Spatial Monitoring of Desertification Extent in Western Iraq using Landsat Images and GIS","volume":"28","author":"Ajaj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envc.2021.100082","article-title":"Spatiotemporal change and drivers analysis of desertification in the arid region of northwest China based on geographic detector","volume":"4","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Chall."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.115708","article-title":"Intermediate human activities maximize dryland ecosystem services in the long-term land-use change: Evidence from the Sangong River watershed, northwest China","volume":"319","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1432","article-title":"Spatial scale characteristics of ecosystem services","volume":"26","author":"HF","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2013.02.003","article-title":"Ecosystem services: Climate change and policy impacts editorial overview","volume":"5","author":"Fu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2012.12.002","article-title":"Linking ecosystem processes and ecosystem services","volume":"5","author":"Fu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf2295","article-title":"Improvements in ecosystem services from investments in natural capital","volume":"352","author":"Ouyang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-010-0051-y","article-title":"Forest ecosystem services and their values in Beijing","volume":"20","author":"Xie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2018.05.004","article-title":"Research advances in ecosystem services in drylands under global environmental changes","volume":"33","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7807","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.3286","article-title":"Quantifying ecosystem service trade-offs for plantation forest management to benefit provisioning and regulating services","volume":"7","author":"Dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2014.07.012","article-title":"An interdisciplinary methodological guide for quantifying associations between ecosystem services","volume":"28","author":"Mouchet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Change"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2017.08.007","article-title":"Integrating ecosystem service bundles and socio-environmental conditions\u2014A national scale analysis from Germany","volume":"28","author":"Dittrich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-021-1835-y","article-title":"Revealing ecosystem services relationships and their driving factors for five basins of Beijing","volume":"31","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5242","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0907284107","article-title":"Ecosystem service bundles for analyzing tradeoffs in diverse landscapes","volume":"107","author":"Peterson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-01667-110128","article-title":"Trade-offs across Space, Time, and Ecosystem Services","volume":"11","author":"Beard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2017.08.004","article-title":"Unpacking ecosystem service bundles: Towards predictive mapping of synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem services","volume":"47","author":"Spake","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Change"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.126216","article-title":"Mapping the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of ecosystem service relationships and bundles in Ningxia, China","volume":"294","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-08605-210316","article-title":"Scale and ecosystem services: How do observation, management, and analysis shift with scale\u2014Lessons from Qu\u00e9bec","volume":"21","author":"Peterson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.109320","article-title":"Scenario analysis of the relationship among ecosystem service values\u2014A case study of Yinchuan Plain in northwestern China","volume":"143","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.06.348","article-title":"Influence of land use change on the ecosystem service trade-offs in the ecological restoration area: Dynamics and scenarios in the Yanhe watershed, China","volume":"644","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.108569","article-title":"Exploring ecosystem services trade-offs using the Bayesian belief network model for ecological restoration decision-making: A case study in Guizhou Province, China","volume":"135","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.120454","article-title":"What factors affect the synergy and tradeoff between ecosystem services, and how, from a geospatial perspective?","volume":"257","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-019-0436-6","article-title":"Research gaps in knowledge of the impact of urban growth on biodiversity","volume":"3","author":"McDonald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.108920","article-title":"Impacts of urbanization on ecosystem services in the Chengdu-Chongqing Urban Agglomeration: Changes and trade-offs","volume":"139","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2018.05.022","article-title":"Impacts of urbanization on ecosystem services and their temporal relations: A case study in Northern Ningxia, China","volume":"77","author":"Lyu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159757","article-title":"Spatiotemporal exploration of ecosystem service, urbanization, and their interactive coercing relationship in the Yellow River Basin over the past 40 years","volume":"858","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.12.027","article-title":"Tradeoffs\/synergies of multiple ecosystem services based on land use simulation in a mountain-basin area, western China","volume":"99","author":"Gong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1002\/2017EF000632","article-title":"A Systematic Study of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Interactions","volume":"5","author":"Pradhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Future"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Yang, D., and Huo, J. (2016). Studies of the Relationship between City Size and Urban Benefits in China Based on a Panel Data Model. Sustainability, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/su8060554"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1890\/02-0472","article-title":"Piecewise Regression: A Tool for Identifying Ecological Thresholds","volume":"84","author":"Toms","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.06.218","article-title":"Ecosystem services response to urbanization in metropolitan areas: Thresholds identification","volume":"607\u2013608","author":"Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.127995","article-title":"Identifying the impacts of natural and human factors on ecosystem service in the Yangtze and Yellow River Basins","volume":"314","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1025","article-title":"The status quo of desertification and the prevention strategy in Xinjiang","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Agric. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1333","article-title":"Dynamic changes of land use and oasis in Xinjiang in the last 40 years","volume":"41","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arid. Land Geogr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1996.tb00936.x","article-title":"Geographically Weighted Regression: A Method for Exploring Spatial Nonstationarity","volume":"28","author":"Brunsdon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2021.105632","article-title":"Spatial heterogeneity of ecosystem services and their trade-offs in the Hengduan Mountain region, Southwest China","volume":"207","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.107253","article-title":"How trade-offs between ecological construction and urbanization expansion affect ecosystem services","volume":"122","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.110411","article-title":"Quantifying the independent contributions of climate and land use change to ecosystem services","volume":"153","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2012.12.001","article-title":"Quantifying and mapping multiple ecosystem services change in West Africa","volume":"165","author":"Leh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2016.09.005","article-title":"The role of economic, policy, and ecological factors in estimating the value of carbon stocks in Everglades mangrove forests, South Florida, USA","volume":"66","author":"Jerath","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6803","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-5867-7","article-title":"Natural and human impacts on ecosystem services in Guanzhong\u2014Tianshui economic region of China","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"39","article-title":"Predicting maize yield in Zimbabwe using dry dekads derived from remotely sensed Vegetation Condition Index","volume":"33","author":"Kuri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1178","article-title":"The impacts of the Grain for Green Project on the trade-off and synergy relationships among multiple ecosystem services in China","volume":"41","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2022.106767","article-title":"Spatial-temporal heterogeneity of ecosystem service interactions and their social-ecological drivers: Implications for spatial planning and management","volume":"189","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"116","article-title":"Geodetector: Principle and prospective","volume":"72","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2016.02.052","article-title":"A measure of spatial stratified heterogeneity","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/509158a","article-title":"Society: Realizing China\u2019s urban dream","volume":"509","author":"Bai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-015-0319-9","article-title":"Net primary productivity (NPP) dynamics and associated urbanization driving forces in metropolitan areas: A case study in Beijing City, China","volume":"31","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2021.105587","article-title":"Spatial interaction between urbanization and ecosystem services in Chinese urban agglomerations","volume":"109","author":"Ouyang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1112","article-title":"Research on the Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Habitat Quality in Urban Agglomeration on the Northern Slope of Tianshan Mountains Based on InVEST Model","volume":"38","author":"Halmurat","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ecol. Rural. Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"3408","article-title":"Spatial-temporal evolution of habitat quality in Yili Valley based on geographical detector and its influencing factors","volume":"39","author":"Kasimu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.110320","article-title":"Impacts and predictions of urban expansion on habitat quality in the densely populated areas: A case study of the Yellow River Basin, China","volume":"151","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1201609","article-title":"A Large and Persistent Carbon Sink in the World\u2019s Forests","volume":"333","author":"Pan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/3\/520\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:51:16Z","timestamp":1760104276000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/3\/520"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16030520"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16030520","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]}}}