{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:42:20Z","timestamp":1760143340297,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62201623","62101603","62371446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62201623","62101603","62371446"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acquiring pulse signals of radar source is an essential component in implementing electronic support measures (ESM). The conventional signal detection or deinterleaving method are mainly applied in relatively simple environments. Currently, radar electronic reconnaissance signal processing capability is severely constrained by poor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the interleaving of signals from various radar sources. This research develops a multi-layer particle swarm optimization (PSO) pulse extraction and deinterleaving technique to improve ESM\u2019s efficacy further. First, coherent accumulation of the received signals is performed using PSO to obtain higher SNR pulse. Second, the signals from this radar source are deinterleaved using the obtained pulse. Ultimately, the aforementioned procedures are combined into a multi-layer PSO architecture to capture radar source signals and deinterleaving them at low SNRs. The suggested algorithm\u2019s efficacy and robustness are confirmed through simulation experiments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16030537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T09:56:34Z","timestamp":1706694994000},"page":"537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["High-Quality Radar Pulse Signal Acquisition and Deinterleaving under a Low Signal-to-Noise Ratio with Multi-Layer Particle Swarm Optimization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1335-1446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Song","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen Campus, Shenzhen 518107, China"},{"name":"College of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China"}]},{"given":"Yuyuan","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen Campus, Shenzhen 518107, China"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen Campus, Shenzhen 518107, China"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen Campus, Shenzhen 518107, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1109\/MAES.2003.1226529","article-title":"Electronic warfare. 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