{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T10:53:09Z","timestamp":1775472789377,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFF1300201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF1300201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFD2000100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD2000100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42101380"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101380"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42176182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42176182"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFF1300201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF1300201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFD2000100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD2000100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42101380"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101380"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42176182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42176182"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) is a critical spatial distribution parameter in the quantitative research of remote sensing and has a wide range of applications in radiometric correction, elemental inversion, and surface feature estimation. As a new means of BRDF modeling, UAV push-broom hyperspectral imaging is limited by the push-broom imaging method, and the multi-angle information is often difficult to obtain. In addition, the random variation of solar illumination during UAV low-altitude flight makes the irradiance between different push-broom hyperspectral rows and different airstrips inconsistent, which significantly affects the radiometric consistency of BRDF modeling and results in the difficulty of accurately portraying the three-dimensional spatial reflectance distribution in the UAV model. These problems largely impede the application of outdoor BRDF. Based on this, this paper proposes a fast multi-angle information acquisition scheme with a high-accuracy BRDF modeling method considering illumination variations, which mainly involves a lightweight system for BRDF acquisition and three improved BRDF models considering illumination corrections. We adopt multi-rectangular nested flight paths for multi-gray level targets, use multi-mode equipment to acquire spatial illumination changes and multi-angle reflectivity information in real-time, and introduce the illumination correction factor K through data coupling to improve the kernel, Hapke, and RPV models, and, overall, the accuracy of the improved model is increased by 20.83%, 11.11%, and 31.48%, respectively. The results show that our proposed method can acquire multi-angle information quickly and accurately using push-broom hyperspectral imaging, and the improved model eliminates the negative effect of illumination on BRDF modeling. This work is vital for expanding the multi-angle information acquisition pathway and high-efficiency and high-precision outdoor BRDF modeling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16030543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T09:56:34Z","timestamp":1706694994000},"page":"543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Methodology and Modeling of UAV Push-Broom Hyperspectral BRDF Observation Considering Illumination Correction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zhuo","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging Technology of CAS, Xi\u2019an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710119, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0914-8170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haiwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging Technology of CAS, Xi\u2019an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710119, China"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging Technology of CAS, Xi\u2019an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710119, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Remote Sensing and Intelligent Information Processing, Xi\u2019an 710100, China"}]},{"given":"Liyao","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Xi\u2019an Technological University, Xi\u2019an 710021, China"}]},{"given":"Junyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging Technology of CAS, Xi\u2019an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710119, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"355","article-title":"Albedo retrieved from BRDF archetype and surface directional reflectance","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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