{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:11:52Z","timestamp":1776039112680,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polit\u00e9cnico Colombiano Jaime Isaza Cadavid (Colombia)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a methodology to detect the coastal erosion and progradation effects in the \u2018Atrato River\u2019 delta, located in the Gulf of Urab\u00e1 in Colombia, using SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) images. Erosion is the physical\u2013mechanical loss of the soil that affects its functions and ecosystem services while producing a reduction in its productive capacity. Progradation is the deposition of layers in the basinward direction while moving coastward. Other studies have investigated these two phenomena using optical images, encountering difficulties due to the persistent presence of clouds in this region. In order to avoid the cloud effects, in this study, we used 16 Sentinel 1 SAR images with two different polarizations between 2016 and 2023. First, each image was rescaled from 0 to 255, then the image was despeckled by a deep learning (DL) model. Afterwards, a single RGB image was composed with the filtered polarizations. Next, a classifier with 99% accuracy based on Otsu\u2019s method was used to determine whether each pixel was water or not. Then, the classified image was registered to a reference one using Oriented FAST and Rotated BRIEF (ORB) descriptor. Finally, a multitemporal analysis was performed by comparing every image to the previous one to identify the studied phenomena, calculating areas. Also, all images were integrated to obtain a heatmap that showed the overall changes across eight years (2016\u20132023) in a single image. The multitemporal analysis performed found that the newly created mouth is the most active area for these processes, coinciding with other studies. In addition, a comparison of these findings with the Oceanic Ni\u00f1o Index (ONI) showed a relative delayed coupling to the erosion process and a coupling of progradation with dry and wet seasons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16030552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T09:56:34Z","timestamp":1706694994000},"page":"552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Detection of Coastal Erosion and Progradation in the Colombian \u2018Atrato River\u2019 Delta by Using Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1690-8393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rub\u00e9n Dar\u00edo","family":"V\u00e1squez-Salazar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Polit\u00e9cnico Colombiano Jaime Isaza Cadavid, 48th Av. 7-151, Medell\u00edn 050021, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5263-2569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed Alejandro","family":"Cardona-Mesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Instituci\u00f3n Universitaria Digital de Antioquia, 55th Av. 42-90, Medell\u00edn 050028, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6378-1559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Vald\u00e9s-Quintero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Polit\u00e9cnico Colombiano Jaime Isaza Cadavid, 48th Av. 7-151, Medell\u00edn 050021, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1838-3794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Olmos-Severiche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Polit\u00e9cnico Colombiano Jaime Isaza Cadavid, 48th Av. 7-151, Medell\u00edn 050021, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0667-2302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Engineering and Automatic Department, IUCES, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35019 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4621-2768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos M.","family":"Travieso-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Signals and Communications Department, IDeTIC, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6833-6879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean Pierre","family":"D\u00edaz-Paz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Polit\u00e9cnico Colombiano Jaime Isaza Cadavid, 48th Av. 7-151, Medell\u00edn 050021, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0494-1276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Ernesto","family":"Espinosa-Ovideo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Polit\u00e9cnico Colombiano Jaime Isaza Cadavid, 48th Av. 7-151, Medell\u00edn 050021, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4291-783X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorena","family":"Diez-Rend\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Polit\u00e9cnico Colombiano Jaime Isaza Cadavid, 48th Av. 7-151, Medell\u00edn 050021, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1839-404X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9s F.","family":"Garavito-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Polit\u00e9cnico Colombiano Jaime Isaza Cadavid, 48th Av. 7-151, Medell\u00edn 050021, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5246-7644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esteban","family":"V\u00e1squez-Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Polit\u00e9cnico Colombiano Jaime Isaza Cadavid, 48th Av. 7-151, Medell\u00edn 050021, Colombia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"IDEAM (2023, November 28). Atlas Climatol\u00f3gico de Colombia, Available online: http:\/\/www.ideam.gov.co\/AtlasWeb\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Instituto de Hidrolog\u00eda Meteorolog\u00eda y Estudios Ambientales IDEAM (2023, November 28). La Variabilidad Clim\u00e1tica y el Cambio Clim\u00e1tico en Colombia. Available online: https:\/\/www.andi.com.co\/Uploads\/variabilidad.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Velez, J., Betancurth, L., and Ca\u00f1\u00f3n-Barriga, J. (2020). Erosion and Progradation in the Atrato River Delta: A Spatiotemporal Analysis with Google Earth Engine, Revista Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Universidad de Antioquia."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Court, C.C. (2023, November 28). Expediente T-5.016.242, Available online: https:\/\/www.corteconstitucional.gov.co\/relatoria\/2016\/t-622-16.htm."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Instituto de Hidrolog\u00eda Meteorolog\u00eda y Estudios Ambientales IDEAM (2024, January 04). Erosi\u00f3n, Available online: http:\/\/www.ideam.gov.co\/web\/siac\/erosion."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Schlumberger (2024, January 04). Progradaci\u00f3n. Available online: https:\/\/glossary.slb.com\/es\/terms\/p\/progradation."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"463","article-title":"Applying DSAS tool to detect coastal changes along Nile Delta, Egypt","volume":"24","author":"Samra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Remote. Sens. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2023.129814","article-title":"Image-based machine learning for monitoring the dynamics of deltaic islands in the Atchafalaya River Delta Complex between 1991 and 2019","volume":"623","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"100934","article-title":"Foredune defending role: Vulnerability and potential risk through combined satellite and hydrodynamics approach","volume":"30","author":"Danchenkov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Appl. Soc. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"NASA (2023, November 28). ASF Data Search, Available online: https:\/\/search.asf.alaska.edu\/."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"ESA (2023, November 28). Sentinel-1 Missions. Available online: https:\/\/sentinels.copernicus.eu\/web\/sentinel\/missions\/sentinel-1."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Blanco-Libreros, J.F. (2023, November 28). Cambios Globales en los Manglares del Golfo de Urab\u00e1 (Colombia): Entre la Cambiante l\u00edNea Costera y la Frontera Agropecuaria en Expansi\u00f3n. Available online: https:\/\/revistas.udea.edu.co\/index.php\/actbio\/article\/view\/328978."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Restrepo, J.D., and Alvarado, E.M. (2023, November 28). 11.12\u2014Assessing Major Environmental Issues in the Caribbean and Pacific Coasts of Colombia, South America: An Overview of Fluvial Fluxes, Coral Reef Degradation, and Mangrove Ecosystems Impacted by River Diversion. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/275344298_Assessing_Major_Environmental_Issues_in_the_Caribbean_and_Pacific_Coasts_of_Colombia_South_America_An_Overview_of_Fluvial_Fluxes_Coral_Reef_Degradation_and_Mangrove_Ecosystems_Impacted_by_River_Divers."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Restrepo, J.D., and Kjerfve, B. (2023, November 28). The Pacific and Caribbean Rivers of Colombia: Water Discharge, Sediment Transport and Dissolved Loads. Available online: https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-662-07060-4_14."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Codazzi, I.G.A. (2024, January 10). Geoportal la Informaci\u00f3n geogr\u00e1fica Colombiana\u2014Colombia en Mapas, Available online: https:\/\/www.colombiaenmapas.gov.co\/."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Dur\u00e1nn, I.D.C., and Daza, R.J.M. (2019). Multitemporal analysis of the flow of sediments using MODIS MYD09 and MOD09 images. Cienc. Ing. Neogranadina."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"5220119","article-title":"Model-based decomposition of dual-pol SAR data: Application to Sentinel-1","volume":"60","author":"Mascolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5155","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2017.2768378","article-title":"Hybrid-Pol Based Three-Component Scattering Model for Analysis of RISAT Data","volume":"10","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"ESA (2024, January 10). Ground Range Detected Sentinel-1. Available online: https:\/\/sentinels.copernicus.eu\/web\/sentinel\/technical-guides\/sentinel-1-sar\/products-algorithms\/level-1-algorithms\/ground-range-detected."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"National Centers for Environmental Prediction (2023, November 28). ONI\u2014Cold & Warm Episodes by Season, Available online: https:\/\/origin.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov\/products\/analysis_monitoring\/ensostuff\/ONI_v5.php."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u00e1squez-Salazar, R.D., Cardona-Mesa, A.A., G\u00f3mez, L., and Travieso-Gonz\u00e1lez, C.M. (2023). A new methodology for assessing SAR despeckling filters. TechRxiv.","DOI":"10.36227\/techrxiv.23661669"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"ESA (2023, November 28). User Guides\u2014Sentinel-1 SAR\u2014Polarimetry\u2014Sentinel Online. Available online: https:\/\/sentinels.copernicus.eu\/web\/sentinel\/user-guides\/sentinel-1-sar\/product-overview\/polarimetry."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1979.4310076","article-title":"A Threshold Selection Method from Gray-Level Histograms","volume":"9","author":"Otsu","year":"1979","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2392","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2011.2114358","article-title":"t-Tests, F-Tests and Otsu\u2019s Methods for Image Thresholding","volume":"20","author":"Xue","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rublee, E., Rabaud, V., Konolige, K., and Bradski, G.R. (2011, January 6\u201313). ORB: An efficient alternative to SIFT or SURF. Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Computer Vision, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2011.6126544"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Viswanathan, D. (2023, November 28). Features from Accelerated Segment Test (FAST). Available online: https:\/\/homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk\/rbf\/CVonline\/LOCAL_COPIES\/AV1011\/AV1FeaturefromAcceleratedSegmentTest.pdf."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"D\u00edaz, D.P., and Villegas, N. (2023, November 28). Correlaci\u00f3n Can\u00f3nica Entre \u00edndices Macroclim\u00e1ticos y Variables Meteorol\u00f3gicas de Superficie en Colombia. Available online: https:\/\/revistas.udca.edu.co\/index.php\/ruadc\/article\/view\/185."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Gil, M.M., Quiceno, N., and Poveda, G. (2023, November 28). Efecto del ENSO y la NAO Sobre el Ciclo Anual de la Hidrolog\u00eda de Colombia: An\u00e1lisis de Correlaci\u00f3n, Rean\u00e1lisis de NCEP\/NCAR y Modelos de Pron\u00f3stico. Available online: https:\/\/repositorio.unal.edu.co\/handle\/unal\/9135."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"2136","article-title":"Sea surface temperature-related response of precipitation in northern South America according to a WRF multi-decadal simulation","volume":"39","author":"Arias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Poveda, G. (2023). Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, F\u00edsicas y Naturales, Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Poveda, G., Mesa, O., Agudelo, P.A., and \u00c1lvarez, J.F. (2023, November 28). Diagn\u00f3stico del Ciclo Diurno de la Precipitaci\u00f3n en los Andes Tropicales de Colombia. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/233971633_Diagnostico_del_Ciclo_Diurno_de_la_Precipitacion_en_los_Andes_Tropicales_de_Colombia."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2690","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1997)010<2690:FBHPIT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Feedbacks between Hydrological Processes in Tropical South America and Large-Scale Ocean\u2014Atmospheric Phenomena","volume":"10","author":"Poveda","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2013.11.045","article-title":"Freshwater discharge into the Caribbean Sea from the rivers of Northwestern South America (Colombia): Magnitude, variability and recent changes","volume":"509","author":"Restrepo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.04.054","article-title":"Assessing global surface water inundation dynamics using combined satellite information from SMAP, AMSR2 and Landsat","volume":"213","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20584","article-title":"High-resolution mapping of global surface water and its long-term changes","volume":"540","author":"Pekel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/3\/552\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:52:38Z","timestamp":1760104358000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/3\/552"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16030552"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16030552","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]}}}