{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T05:56:04Z","timestamp":1776232564003,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Environment Research Programme","award":["DPLUS132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPLUS132"]}]},{"name":"Darwin Plus","award":["DPLUS132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPLUS132"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although many medium-to-large terrestrial vertebrates are still counted by ground or aerial surveys, remote-sensing technologies and image analysis have developed rapidly in recent decades, offering improved accuracy and repeatability, lower costs, speed, expanded spatial coverage and increased potential for public involvement. This review provides an introduction for wildlife biologists and managers relatively new to the field on how to implement remote-sensing techniques (satellite and unoccupied aircraft systems) for counting large vertebrates on land, including marine predators that return to land to breed, haul out or roost, to encourage wider application of these technological solutions. We outline the entire process, including the selection of the most appropriate technology, indicative costs, procedures for image acquisition and processing, observer training and annotation, automation, and citizen science campaigns. The review considers both the potential and the challenges associated with different approaches to remote surveys of vertebrates and outlines promising avenues for future research and method development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16040627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T03:36:17Z","timestamp":1707363377000},"page":"627","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Review of Satellite Remote Sensing and Unoccupied Aircraft Systems for Counting Wildlife on Land"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8509-3677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie R. G.","family":"Attard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9681-1355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen","family":"Bowler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK"}]},{"given":"Penny J.","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK"},{"name":"School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Sanderson Building, Robert Stevenson Road, The King\u2019s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, UK"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Cubaynes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2424-036X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David W.","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University Marine Laboratory, 135 Duke Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA"}]},{"given":"Peter T.","family":"Fretwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Geller, G.N., Halpin, P.N., Helmuth, B., Hestir, E.L., Skidmore, A., Abrams, M.J., Aguirre, N., Blair, M., Botha, E., and Colloff, M. 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